Surface Areas and Volumes

Combination solids are formed by joining two or more basic solids like cuboid, cone, cylinder, and hemisphere. Real-world examples include a truck with a cylindrical container and hemispherical ends.

Total Surface Area (TSA) of a combination solid is the sum of the curved surface areas of its individual parts, excluding any overlapping areas. For example, a cone on a hemisphere: TSA = CSA of cone + CSA of hemisphere.

Curved Surface Area (CSA) of a hemisphere is half of a sphere's surface area: CSA = 2πr². It's used when calculating the surface area of objects like domes.

Volume of a combination solid is the sum of the volumes of its individual parts. For instance, a cylinder with hemispherical ends has volume = Volume of cylinder + Volume of two hemispheres.

Slant height (l) of a cone is found using Pythagoras' theorem: l = √(r² + h²). It's essential for calculating the cone's curved surface area.

Calculating volumes is crucial in real life, such as determining the capacity of a water tank or the amount of paint needed for a spherical object.

A common mistake is including the base area in TSA for open-top objects. Remember, TSA only includes areas that are exposed.

For hemisphere, remember: CSA is 2πr², TSA is 3πr² (including base), and volume is (2/3)πr³. Visualizing half a sphere can help recall these.

A toy made of a cone on a hemisphere has volume = (1/3)πr²h (cone) + (2/3)πr³ (hemisphere). Practical examples enhance understanding.

TSA of a cuboid is 2(lb + bh + hl), where l, b, h are length, breadth, height. It's fundamental for problems involving boxes or rooms.

Volume of a cylinder is πr²h. This formula is widely used, from calculating the capacity of cylindrical tanks to the amount of material in pipes.

For a cylinder with hemispherical ends, total volume = πr²h (cylinder) + (4/3)πr³ (two hemispheres). This is common in containers and rockets.

π is crucial in all area and volume calculations involving circles. Its approximate value is 22/7 or 3.14, depending on the problem's requirements.

To find the area to be painted on a complex object, calculate the visible surface areas. For example, a rocket may have different colors on its conical and cylindrical parts.

CSA includes only the curved surfaces, while TSA includes all surfaces (curved and flat). Understanding this difference is key to solving surface area problems correctly.

A decorative block may combine a cube and a hemisphere. Its TSA = TSA of cube - base area of hemisphere + CSA of hemisphere, showcasing how to adjust for overlapping areas.

Volume of a cone is (1/3)πr²h. This is a third of a cylinder's volume with the same base and height, illustrating the relationship between these shapes.

Understanding volumes helps in determining storage capacities, such as how much grain a silo can hold or the amount of liquid in a conical flask.

Always ensure units are consistent when calculating volumes. Mixing cm and m without conversion leads to errors. Practice with uniform units to avoid mistakes.

For a cone, remember: CSA = πrl, TSA = πr(r + l), and volume = (1/3)πr²h. Associating 'l' with slant height helps in recalling the correct formulas.