Cell Cycle and Cell Division is a chapter in the CBSE Class 11 Biology syllabus from Biology. This chapter hub brings together revision notes, practice questions, worksheets, flashcards to help students learn, practice, and revise Cell Cycle and Cell Division effectively.

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division

NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 10: Cell Cycle and Cell Division (Pages 120–130)

Class 11 CBSE hub Biology chapters Biology

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Summary of Cell Cycle and Cell Division

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division at a Glance

Board

CBSE

Class

Class 11

Subject

Biology

Book

Biology

Chapter

Pages

120–130

Resources

6 study resources

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Summary

The cell cycle is essential for life and consists of multiple stages through which a cell progresses before division. It is divided mainly into two phases: interphase and the mitotic phase. Interphase is further categorized into three stages: G1 phase where the cell grows and metabolizes, S phase where DNA replication occurs, and G2 phase where the cell prepares for division. The mitotic phase, or M phase, includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is divided into four main stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During prophase, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equator, preparing for separation. Anaphase involves splitting of sister chromatids, which are pulled to opposite poles, while telophase concludes mitosis with the formation of two nuclei. Cytokinesis follows, completing the cell division process by dividing the cytoplasm and resulting in two distinct cells. In contrast to mitosis, meiosis is a specialized form of cell division occurring in diploid cells to produce haploid gametes. Meiosis includes two sequential divisions: meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair and exchange genetic material through a process known as crossing over, increasing genetic variation. This process also ensures that gametes contain half the chromosome number of the parent cell. After meiosis II, four haploid daughter cells emerge, each unique due to recombination events. Both mitosis and meiosis are vital for growth, tissue repair, and reproduction, emphasizing the importance of cell division in the life cycle.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Revision Guide

Download the Cell Cycle and Cell Division revision guide with key points, summaries, and quick revision notes for CBSE Class 11 Biology.

Key Points

Define cell cycle and its importance.

The cell cycle is a series of phases where a cell grows, replicates DNA, and divides. It's essential for growth, development, and tissue repair.

Identify phases of the cell cycle.

The cell cycle comprises two main phases: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M Phase (mitosis). Interphase is primarily for preparation and growth.

Explain Interphase.

Interphase lasts over 95% of the cycle. It includes G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (preparation for mitosis), ensuring ready conditions for cell division.

Describe M Phase.

The M Phase includes karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

List stages of Mitosis.

Mitosis consists of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Each stage is crucial for sorting chromosomes into daughter cells.

Function of Prophase.

During Prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope starts breaking down.

Significance of Metaphase.

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. This alignment is crucial for equal distribution during division.

Events of Anaphase.

Anaphase is marked by the separation of sister chromatids moving to opposite poles, ensuring each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Outline Telophase.

In Telophase, chromosomes decondense, and nuclear envelopes reform, leading to the establishment of two nuclei within one cell.

Define cytokinesis and its types.

Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm post-mitosis. In animal cells, a furrow forms; in plant cells, a cell plate develops to separate daughter cells.

Explain G0 phase.

The G0 phase is a quiescent state where cells metabolically active but not dividing. Cells may re-enter the cycle when needed.

Importance of mitosis.

Mitosis is essential for growth and tissue repair, maintaining genetic continuity across cell generations in somatic cells.

Define meiosis.

Meiosis is a reduction division that occurs in germ cells, producing four haploid gametes from one diploid cell, crucial for sexual reproduction.

Identify stages of Meiosis I.

Meiosis I includes Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I, which reduce chromosome numbers and increase genetic diversity.

Detail Prophase I phases.

Prophase I is subdivided into five phases: Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, and Diakinesis, featuring pairing and crossing over of chromatids.

Explain crossing over.

Crossing over occurs during Pachytene, where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, enhancing genetic diversity in gametes.

Outline Meiosis II events.

Meiosis II resembles mitosis, splitting sister chromatids during Anaphase II, ultimately producing four genetically diverse haploid cells.

Discuss genetic variability in meiosis.

Meiosis generates genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment, critical for evolution and adaptation in populations.

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically varied haploid cells, essential for sexual reproduction.

Summarize significance of the cell cycle.

The cell cycle is vital for organismal growth, maintenance, and reproduction, enabling cells to replicate and repair effectively.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Practice Questions & Answers

Practice important questions and exam-style problems from Cell Cycle and Cell Division. These questions cover key topics from the CBSE Class 11 Biology syllabus.

How to practice: Start with the questions below to test your understanding of Cell Cycle and Cell Division. Use the revision guide to review concepts you find difficult, then come back and retry the questions for better retention.

What is the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055914

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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055915

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What role do spindle fibers play during cell division?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055916

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At which stage do homologous chromosomes pair up?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055917

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Which structure is formed during cytokinesis in plant cells?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055918

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What is the end result of meiosis?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055919

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In which phase do chromosomes become visible under a microscope?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055920

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Which statement is true regarding the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00055921

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View all 74 Cell Cycle and Cell Division questions

What happens during Anaphase II of meiosis?

What is the primary purpose of the G1 phase?

During which phase are chromosomes aligned at the metaphase plate?

Which feature distinguishes meiosis from mitosis?

What is the significance of cell cycle checkpoints?

What occurs during telophase?

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the absence of DNA synthesis?

What distinguishes anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis?

What is the primary event that characterizes the M Phase of the cell cycle?

During which stage of the M Phase do chromosomes align at the equatorial plane?

What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

Which process directly follows karyokinesis in the M Phase?

In which phase do the chromosomes become visible under a microscope?

How long does the M Phase typically last in a human cell cycle?

In which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope completely disintegrate?

What term describes the period of preparation for mitosis?

Which of the following correctly describes telophase?

What is the term for the physical separation of the cytoplasm during cell division?

At which stage do sister chromatids become individual chromosomes?

What happens to the spindle fibers during telophase?

Which cellular component is most directly involved in forming the mitotic spindle?

What is a common consequence of errors during the M Phase?

During which phase does the process of cytokinesis typically begin?

What is the main purpose of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

During which phase of the cell cycle does the actual mitotic division occur?

Which of the following is NOT a result of mitosis?

What is the term for the ratio that mitosis helps to maintain in cells?

How does mitosis contribute to tissue repair?

In which type of cells does mitosis occur?

What is the primary purpose of meiosis in sexually reproducing organisms?

What happens to the genetic material during mitosis?

Which phase of meiosis is responsible for generating genetic diversity?

Which tissue type in plants primarily undergoes mitotic division for growth?

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of daughter cells?

Why is mitosis essential for multicellular organisms?

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by which of the following mechanisms?

Mitosis ensures the maintenance of what critical characteristic of cells?

Which event specifically occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

During which process would regeneration of tissues mainly involve mitosis?

What type of genetic variation does meiosis primarily contribute to?

What would occur if mitosis did not take place successfully in an organism?

In plants, what is the product of meiosis in terms of generative cells?

Which of the following is an advanced effect of mitosis in maintaining homeostasis?

What role does meiosis play in maintaining genetic stability in populations?

In what way does mitosis differ from meiosis?

Which statement best describes the genetic material in the daughter cells after meiosis?

Which cellular structure is imperative for the correct separation of chromosomes during mitosis?

What differentiates Meiosis II from Mitosis?

What crucial process follows karyokinesis during mitosis?

During which stage of meiosis does DNA replication occur?

How does meiosis contribute to the stability of diploid organisms?

What process during meiosis results in genetic recombination?

In the context of meiosis, what does the term 'haploid' refer to?

During which phase does crossing over occur in meiosis?

How many haploid cells are produced at the end of meiosis II?

What is the key difference between anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis?

What occurs during interkinesis in meiosis?

Which of the following best describes a bivalent?

Which event is NOT associated with meiosis?

What is the significance of meiosis in terms of genetic diversity?

How does cytokinesis in meiosis differ from that in mitosis?

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of chromosome number in daughter cells?

During which phase are the chromosomes aligned at the equatorial plate?

What type of cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

Which statement correctly distinguishes meiosis I from meiosis II?

What happens to chromosome structure during prophase I of meiosis?

Single Answer MCQ

Q-00056059

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division Practice Worksheets

Download and practice Cell Cycle and Cell Division worksheets to improve problem-solving accuracy and speed for CBSE Class 11 Biology exams.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division - Practice Worksheet

This worksheet covers essential long-answer questions to help you build confidence in Cell Cycle and Cell Division from Biology for Class 11 (Biology).

Practice

Questions

Explain the structure and significance of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.

The cell cycle comprises several phases: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and M Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). Interphase is critical for cell growth and DNA synthesis, while M Phase is where cell division occurs, essential for growth, repair, and reproduction. Each phase plays a vital role in ensuring accurate cell duplication and function.

Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis, highlighting their phases and outcomes.

Mitosis is a process where a single diploid cell divides to produce two genetically identical diploid daughter cells through phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis, however, involves two rounds of division (meiosis I and II) producing four haploid cells with genetic variation, essential for sexual reproduction.

Describe interphase, detailing each sub-phase and its functions.

Interphase includes G1 (cell growth and metabolism), S (DNA synthesis leading to chromosome duplication), and G2 (preparation for mitosis). This phase is crucial as it prepares the cell for division, ensuring genomic integrity and readiness. It occupies more than 95% of the cell cycle time.

What are the roles of checkpoints in the cell cycle? Discuss their significance.

Cell cycle checkpoints, including G1, G2, and M checkpoints, are crucial for assessing cellular and genetic integrity before progression. They prevent damaged or incomplete cells from proceeding into division, ensuring fidelity in cell division and reducing the risk of cancerous growth.

Explain the stages of mitosis and the key events that occur in each stage.

Mitosis is divided into prophase (chromosome condensation, spindle formation), metaphase (chromosomes align at the equatorial plane), anaphase (sister chromatids separate and move apart), and telophase (nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense). Cytokinesis completes cell division by dividing the cytoplasm.

What is meiosis I? Describe its significance and key events.

Meiosis I reduces chromosome number by half, producing haploid cells. Key events include prophase I (homologous chromosomes pair and undergo crossing over), metaphase I (bivalents align), anaphase I (homologous chromosomes separate), and telophase I (two haploid daughter cells form). It is significant for genetic diversity.

Outline the differences between cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs via a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell membrane, while in plant cells, a cell plate forms to create a new cell wall. This difference arises due to the rigid cell wall in plants, which necessitates a different mechanism for division.

Define the quiescent phase (G0) of the cell cycle and its implications.

The G0 phase is a resting state where cells exit the cycle and cease to divide, remaining metabolically active. It allows cells to take a break from division, which is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to cellular needs, such as repair or differentiation.

What is the significance of the S phase in the context of the cell cycle?

The S phase is critical for DNA replication, where each chromosome duplicates, leading to two sister chromatids. This ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes post-division, thereby maintaining genetic continuity in cell lineage.

Discuss the importance of genetic variation produced by meiosis.

Genetic variation from meiosis arises through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. This variation is essential for evolution, as it provides a population with diverse traits that can enhance survival and adaptation to changing environments in sexually reproducing organisms.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division - Mastery Worksheet

This worksheet challenges you with deeper, multi-concept long-answer questions from Cell Cycle and Cell Division to prepare for higher-weightage questions in Class 11.

Mastery

Questions

Explain the events and significance of each phase of the cell cycle, emphasizing how interphase prepares the cell for mitosis.

The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, G2) and M phase. Interphase prepares the cell by ensuring DNA replication and organelle duplication, setting the stage for successful mitosis, where DNA is segregated into daughter cells. Mitosis consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, culminating in cytokinesis.

Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in terms of processes and outcomes, including their significance in growth and reproduction.

Mitosis is an equational division yielding two identical daughter cells; meiosis reduces chromosome number by half, producing four genetically diverse gametes. Both processes are crucial for growth, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction, enhancing genetic variability.

Discuss the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle. How do they prevent errors in division?

Checkpoints, especially G1, G2, and M checkpoints, ensure that DNA is replicated correctly and that the cell is ready for division. They prevent the progression of cells with DNA damage or incomplete replication, maintaining genomic integrity.

Describe the differences in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells, providing diagrams to illustrate your points.

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through furrowing of the plasma membrane, while in plant cells, a cell plate forms to divide the cytoplasm. Diagrams should clearly illustrate these mechanisms and their outcomes.

Explain the importance of meiosis in genetic variation during reproduction and how crossing over contributes to this process.

Meiosis introduces genetic variation via independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I, creating unique combinations of alleles. This variability is essential for evolution and adaptation.

What is the G0 phase? Discuss its relevance to cellular differentiation and aging.

G0 is a quiescent stage where cells exit the cell cycle, remaining metabolically active but not dividing. This phase is crucial for differentiation, allowing cells to perform specialized functions. It relates to aging since more cells enter G0 over time, reducing regenerative capacity.

Illustrate and describe the stages of mitosis. How do spindle fibers function throughout these stages?

Mitosis includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Spindle fibers form from centrosomes, attaching to kinetochores to align and separate chromosomes during metaphase and anaphase. Diagrams should depict these processes and highlight spindle dynamics.

Analyze the consequences of mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. How can this lead to cancer?

Mutations in checkpoint regulators like p53 can lead to unregulated cell division, evading checkpoints and resulting in tumorigenesis. Understanding this link emphasizes the importance of genetic integrity in preventing cancer.

Using diagrams, differentiate between the stages of prophase I of meiosis and prophase of mitosis.

Prophase I of meiosis involves chromosome pairing and crossing over, forming bivalents, which does not occur in mitosis. Diagrams should illustrate these differences clearly and highlight the unique features of each process.

Explain the relevance of the nucleolus during the cell cycle, particularly during the interphase stages.

During interphase, the nucleolus is crucial for ribosomal RNA synthesis and the formation of ribosomes. It may disappear during mitosis, influencing protein synthesis activities, which is vital for cell replication.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division - Challenge Worksheet

The final worksheet presents challenging long-answer questions that test your depth of understanding and exam-readiness for Cell Cycle and Cell Division in Class 11.

Challenge

Questions

Evaluate the implications of mitosis on multicellular organism growth and repair.

Discuss how mitosis contributes to growth and healing in organisms. Include examples like skin regeneration and how disruptions can lead to cancers.

Analyze the differences between the processes of mitosis and meiosis in terms of genetic diversity.

Explore how meiosis introduces genetic variation through processes like crossing over and independent assortment, compared to the preservation of genetic material in mitosis.

Discuss the significance of the quiescent stage (G0) in the context of cellular proliferation.

Evaluate the role of the G0 phase in maintaining cellular homeostasis and how it relates to aging and tissue regeneration.

Critically assess the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle and their impact on cancer development.

Analyze how checkpoints prevent the progression of damaged cells and the consequences when these checkpoint mechanisms fail.

Explore the philosophical implications of using stem cells for regenerative medicine.

Consider the ethical considerations, potential benefits, and drawbacks of stem cell therapies in relation to cell division.

Evaluate how environmental factors can influence the cell cycle.

Discuss examples of how UV radiation or chemical exposure affects DNA integrity leading to cell cycle disruptions.

Examine the processes involved in cytokinesis and compare them between plant and animal cells.

Detail cytokinesis mechanisms in both cell types, emphasizing the formation of the cell plate in plants versus cleavage furrow in animal cells.

Discuss how understanding meiosis contributes to advancements in agriculture, especially in hybridization.

Evaluate the role of meiosis in creating genetic variation for crop improvement and the implications of genetically modified organisms.

Assess the consequences of errors in cell division, particularly aneuploidy.

Investigate how mistakes during mitosis or meiosis can lead to conditions like Down syndrome or cancer.

Evaluate the relationship between the cell cycle and embryonic development.

Explore how rapid cell division occurs in early development stages and the significance of the rates of different phases.

Cell Cycle and Cell Division Frequently Asked Questions

Explore the chapter on Cell Cycle and Cell Division for Class 11 Biology. Learn about the phases of the cell cycle, the significance of mitosis, and the process of meiosis.

QWhat is the cell cycle?

The cell cycle is a sequence of events that a cell goes through to divide and produce two daughter cells. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, followed by the mitotic phase (M phase), where the actual cell division occurs.

QWhat are the main phases of the cell cycle?

The cell cycle consists of two main phases: interphase and the M phase. Interphase is further divided into G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2), while the M phase encompasses mitosis and cytokinesis.

QWhat happens during interphase?

During interphase, the cell grows, carries out normal metabolic activities, and duplicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. It involves three distinct phases: G1, where the cell grows; S, where DNA replication occurs; and G2, where preparations for mitosis take place.

QWhat is mitosis?

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It consists of several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.

QWhy is mitosis important?

Mitosis is crucial for growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms. It ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, maintaining genetic continuity across cell generations.

QWhat is the significance of meiosis?

Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of haploid gametes. It is essential for sexual reproduction and introduces genetic variability through processes like crossing over and independent assortment.

QWhat are the stages of meiosis?

Meiosis consists of two main stages: meiosis I and meiosis II. Each stage is further divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, with meiosis I involving the pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes.

QWhat occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

During the S phase (Synthesis), DNA is replicated to ensure that each daughter cell will have an identical set of chromosomes. By the end of this phase, the amount of DNA in the cell doubles, although the number of chromosomes remains the same.

QWhat is cytokinesis?

Cytokinesis is the process that follows mitosis, during which the cytoplasm of a parent cell divides to form two new daughter cells. In animal cells, this occurs by the formation of a cleavage furrow, while in plant cells, a cell plate is formed.

QHow does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In contrast, plant cells undergo cytokinesis by forming a cell plate in the center, which develops into a new cell wall separating the daughter cells.

QWhat role do checkpoints play in the cell cycle?

Checkpoints in the cell cycle monitor the progression of the cell through various phases, ensuring that critical processes like DNA replication are completed correctly before the cell proceeds to the next stage. They help prevent errors such as uncontrolled cell division.

QWhat is the G0 phase?

The G0 phase, also known as the quiescent stage, is a state where cells exit the active cell cycle and cease to divide. Cells in this phase remain metabolically active but do not replicate unless triggered by specific signals.

QWhat enzyme is involved in crossing over during meiosis?

The enzyme involved in crossing over during meiosis is called recombinase. This enzyme facilitates the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes, thereby increasing genetic variability.

QWhat are sister chromatids?

Sister chromatids are identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected at a region called the centromere. They are formed during DNA replication in the S phase and are separated during mitosis and meiosis.

QCan haploid cells undergo mitosis?

Yes, haploid cells can undergo mitosis. Certain organisms, like male honey bees, have haploid cells that replicate through mitosis to produce identical daughter cells, even though mitosis typically occurs in diploid cells.

QWhat is the significance of crossing over?

Crossing over during meiosis is significant because it results in genetic recombination, producing gametes with unique combinations of alleles. This increases genetic diversity in sexually reproducing populations, which is essential for evolution.

QHow long does the cell cycle take in human cells?

In human cells, the average duration of the cell cycle is approximately 24 hours. However, the time spent in different phases can vary significantly depending on the cell type and the organism.

QWhat is an equational division?

Equational division refers to mitosis, where the chromosome number remains the same in the daughter cells as in the parent cell. Each daughter cell has an identical set of chromosomes, preserving genetic information.

QWhat kinds of cells undergo meiosis?

Meiosis occurs in diploid cells that are destined to become gametes. In animals, these are typically germ cells that produce eggs in females and sperm in males, while in plants, meiosis can occur in sporophyte tissues.

QWhat are bivalent chromosomes?

Bivalent chromosomes are formed during prophase I of meiosis when homologous chromosomes pair up. Each bivalent consists of four chromatids, representing two homologous chromosomes that can undergo crossing over.

QWhat is the role of microtubules during mitosis?

Microtubules play a crucial role in mitosis by forming the spindle apparatus that helps segregate sister chromatids. They attach to kinetochores on the chromatids, pulling them apart as the cell divides.

QHow do errors in the cell cycle contribute to cancer?

Errors in the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell division, a hallmark of cancer. Mutations in genes regulating the cell cycle checkpoints can result in cells bypassing critical regulatory steps, leading to tumor formation.

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Cell Cycle and Cell Division Flashcards

Revise key terms and definitions from Cell Cycle and Cell Division with interactive flashcards. Quick recall practice for CBSE Class 11 Biology.

These flash cards cover important concepts from Cell Cycle and Cell Division in Biology for Class 11 (Biology).

1/19

Define the cell cycle.

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The cell cycle is the sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesizes cellular constituents, and divides into two daughter cells.

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2/19

What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?

2/19

The two main phases are Interphase (preparation for cell division) and M Phase (the actual cell division).

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3/19

What occurs during the G1 phase?

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In the G1 phase, the cell grows metabolically active and carries out normal functions without DNA replication.

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4/19

What is the S phase responsible for?

4/19

The S phase is responsible for DNA synthesis, where the amount of DNA per cell doubles but the chromosome number remains the same.

5/19

Explain the significance of the G2 phase.

5/19

The G2 phase prepares the cell for mitosis by continuing growth and synthesizing proteins necessary for cell division.

6/19

Define cytokinesis.

6/19

Cytokinesis is the process during which the cytoplasm of a parental cell divides into two daughter cells after mitosis.

7/19

What are the stages of mitosis?

7/19

The stages of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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What happens during prophase?

8/19

During prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the mitotic spindle begins to form.

9/19

Describe metaphase.

9/19

In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibers attach to their kinetochores.

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What occurs during anaphase?

10/19

In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell as their centromeres split.

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What occurs in telophase?

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In telophase, chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosome sets.

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What is meiosis?

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Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing haploid gametes.

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What are the two stages of meiosis?

13/19

The two stages of meiosis are Meiosis I and Meiosis II, with DNA replication occurring only before Meiosis I.

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Explain crossing over.

14/19

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during Prophase I of meiosis.

15/19

Distinguish between mitosis and meiosis.

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Mitosis is equational division producing identical diploid cells; meiosis is reduction division producing genetically diverse haploid cells.

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What is the quiescent phase (G0)?

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The quiescent phase (G0) is a non-dividing state where cells are metabolically active but do not proliferate unless stimulated.

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What are sister chromatids?

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Sister chromatids are identical copies of a chromosome, joined together at the centromere, formed during DNA replication.

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What structure forms during cytokinesis in plant cells?

18/19

In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis, which develops into a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells.

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What is the significance of mitosis?

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Mitosis is vital for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms by producing genetically identical daughter cells.

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