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Formula Sheet
Life Processes explores the essential functions that sustain living organisms, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
Life Processes – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Science, tailored for Class X in Science.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Life Processes chapter of Science. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Formulas
Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
CO₂ is carbon dioxide, H₂O is water, C₆H₁₂O₆ is glucose, and O₂ is oxygen. This formula represents the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy
C₆H₁₂O₆ is glucose, O₂ is oxygen, CO₂ is carbon dioxide, and H₂O is water. This formula shows how organisms release energy from glucose.
ATP → ADP + Pi + Energy
ATP is adenosine triphosphate, ADP is adenosine diphosphate, and Pi is inorganic phosphate. This represents the release of energy from ATP.
Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output × Peripheral Resistance
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, and peripheral resistance is the resistance to blood flow in the vessels. This formula explains the factors affecting blood pressure.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) = Filtration Pressure × Filtration Coefficient
GFR measures how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. It's crucial for kidney function assessment.
Transpiration Rate = Water Loss / Time
This formula calculates the rate at which plants lose water through their leaves, important for understanding water transport in plants.
Energy Content in Food (Calories) = Mass of Food × Energy per gram
This formula helps in calculating the energy provided by different types of food, essential for nutrition studies.
Oxygen Debt = Oxygen Required - Oxygen Consumed
This concept explains the extra oxygen needed to oxidize lactic acid accumulated during anaerobic respiration.
Heart Rate = Number of Beats / Time
This simple formula calculates the heart rate, a vital sign of health.
Nephron Filtration Efficiency = (Filtered Substances / Blood Plasma) × 100
This measures the efficiency of nephrons in filtering blood, crucial for understanding kidney function.
Equations
Aerobic Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
This equation summarizes the process of aerobic respiration, where glucose is completely oxidized to release energy.
Anaerobic Respiration in Yeast: Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide + Energy
This equation shows the incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen, producing ethanol and CO₂.
Anaerobic Respiration in Muscles: Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy
This equation represents the process in muscle cells during heavy exercise when oxygen is scarce.
Digestion of Starch: Starch + Water → Maltose (by Amylase)
This equation shows the breakdown of starch into maltose during digestion, catalyzed by the enzyme amylase.
Digestion of Proteins: Proteins + Water → Amino Acids (by Proteases)
This equation represents the enzymatic breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the digestive system.
Digestion of Fats: Fats + Water → Fatty Acids + Glycerol (by Lipases)
This equation shows the enzymatic breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Hemoglobin + Oxygen → Oxyhemoglobin
This reversible equation represents the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin in the lungs and its release in tissues.
Carbon Dioxide + Water ↔ Carbonic Acid (by Carbonic Anhydrase)
This reversible reaction is crucial for the transport of CO₂ in the blood.
Light Reaction: 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ + O₂
This equation represents the splitting of water during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, releasing oxygen.
Dark Reaction: CO₂ + Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate → 2 × 3-Phosphoglycerate
This equation is part of the Calvin cycle, where CO₂ is fixed into organic molecules.
Explore the fundamentals of chemical reactions, types, and balancing equations in this chapter, essential for understanding chemistry basics.
Explore the properties, reactions, and uses of acids, bases, and salts in everyday life and their importance in chemistry.
Explore the properties, reactions, and uses of metals and non-metals, understanding their role in daily life and industrial applications.
Explore the versatile world of carbon, its allotropes, and the vast array of compounds it forms, including hydrocarbons and their derivatives, in this comprehensive chapter.
