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Revision Guide
Explore the principles of light behavior, including reflection and refraction, and understand how these phenomena shape our perception of the world.
Light – Reflection and Refraction - Quick Look Revision Guide
Your 1-page summary of the most exam-relevant takeaways from Science.
This compact guide covers 20 must-know concepts from Light – Reflection and Refraction aligned with Class X preparation for Science. Ideal for last-minute revision or daily review.
Key Points
Light travels in straight lines in a uniform medium.
Light propagates as straight lines in a homogeneous medium, which is why shadows are sharp when light is unobstructed.
Reflection: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.
The law of reflection states that the angle at which light hits a surface (incidence) equals the angle at which it reflects away.
Concave mirrors converge light to a focal point.
Concave mirrors bend incoming parallel rays to meet at a focus, useful in torches and headlights for focused beams.
Convex mirrors diverge light, providing wider views.
Convex mirrors spread out light rays, making them ideal for rear-view mirrors in vehicles to see more area.
Mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u.
This formula relates object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f) for spherical mirrors.
Refraction bends light at media interfaces.
Light changes direction when moving between different media due to speed changes, like a straw appearing bent in water.
Snell's Law: n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2.
Snell's Law quantifies refraction, relating the refractive indices and angles of incidence and refraction.
Convex lenses converge light rays.
Convex lenses bring parallel light rays to a focus, used in magnifying glasses and corrective lenses for farsightedness.
Concave lenses diverge light rays.
Concave lenses spread out light rays, used in correcting nearsightedness by diverging light before it reaches the eye.
Lens formula: 1/f = 1/v - 1/u.
Similar to mirrors, this formula connects object distance, image distance, and focal length for lenses.
Power of a lens: P = 1/f (in meters).
Lens power, measured in diopters, indicates its convergence (positive) or divergence (negative) strength.
Real images are formed by actual light convergence.
Real images can be projected on screens, like those formed by concave mirrors or convex lenses when the object is beyond the focus.
Virtual images cannot be projected on screens.
Virtual images appear to be formed by light rays diverging, as seen in plane mirrors or convex lenses when the object is within the focal length.
Magnification: m = h'/h = -v/u.
Magnification compares image height to object height and relates to distances, with negative values indicating inverted images.
Critical angle leads to total internal reflection.
Beyond a certain angle, light reflects entirely inside a denser medium, used in fiber optics for data transmission.
Dispersion splits white light into colors.
Different wavelengths refract at slightly different angles, creating rainbows when light passes through prisms or water droplets.
Optical density affects light speed and bending.
Higher optical density slows light more, increasing refraction. Not to be confused with mass density.
Uses of concave mirrors: solar furnaces, shaving mirrors.
Concave mirrors concentrate light or produce enlarged images, making them useful in devices requiring focused heat or magnification.
Uses of convex lenses: cameras, microscopes.
Convex lenses focus light to form real or magnified virtual images, essential in optical instruments for imaging small or distant objects.
Sign convention is crucial for mirror and lens problems.
Adhering to sign conventions (like distances being negative for virtual images) ensures correct calculations in optics problems.
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