Manufacturing Industries

Manufacturing is the production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials into more valuable products. For example, paper is manufactured from wood, and sugar from sugarcane.

Manufacturing industries are the backbone of economic development, modernize agriculture, reduce dependence on agricultural income, and help in eradicating unemployment and poverty.

Industries are classified as agro-based (e.g., cotton, sugar) and mineral-based (e.g., iron and steel, cement) based on the source of raw materials used.

Basic industries supply raw materials to other industries (e.g., iron and steel), while consumer industries produce goods for direct use by consumers (e.g., toothpaste, paper).

A small scale industry is defined by the maximum investment allowed on its assets, currently set at rupees one crore.

Public sector industries are owned by the government (e.g., BHEL), private by individuals (e.g., TISCO), and joint sector by both (e.g., Oil India Ltd.).

The cotton textiles industry is significant for industrial production, employment, and foreign exchange. It's self-reliant and complete in the value chain from raw material to finished product.

Jute mills are mainly located in West Bengal along the Hugli river due to proximity to jute producing areas, inexpensive water transport, and abundant labor.

The iron and steel industry is the basic industry as it supplies raw materials for other industries. It's heavy due to bulky raw materials and finished goods.

Ideal locations are near raw material sources (iron ore, coal, limestone) and have efficient transport networks for distribution.

Aluminium smelting is important for its lightweight, corrosion resistance, and conductivity. Plants are located near electricity sources and bauxite deposits.

Chemical industries include inorganic (e.g., sulfuric acid) and organic sectors (e.g., petrochemicals), widely spread across the country.

Fertilizer production is centered in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, etc., producing nitrogenous, phosphatic, and complex fertilizers.

Cement industry requires limestone, silica, gypsum, coal, and electric power, with plants strategically located for market access.

Post-liberalization, the automobile industry grew with new models, manufacturing vehicles like cars, scooters, and trucks at various centers.

Bengaluru is the electronic capital, with other hubs in Mumbai, Delhi, etc., covering products from computers to telecom equipment.

Industries cause air, water, land, and noise pollution, affecting health, ecosystems, and the environment.

Measures include minimizing water use, recycling, rainwater harvesting, and treating wastewater before discharge.

Noise pollution causes stress and health issues, controlled by using silencers, noise-absorbing materials, and redesigning machinery.

Sustainable practices include optimizing equipment, minimizing waste, green belts, and pollution control for ecological balance.