प्रत्यया:

प्रत्यया: are suffixes added to the end of a धातु (root) or शब्द (word) to modify its meaning or grammatical function. For example, adding क्त to the root गम् (to go) forms गत, meaning 'gone'. These suffixes are crucial for verb conjugation and noun formation, enabling precise expression in Sanskrit.

कृदन्त प्रत्यया: are added to धातु (verbs) to form nouns or adjectives, like क्त in गत (gone). तद्धित प्रत्यया: are added to nouns to derive new nouns or adjectives, like मतुप् in धनवान (wealthy). Both modify the original word but apply to different base types and serve distinct grammatical purposes.

The शानच् प्रत्यय is added to आत्मनेपद धातु roots to indicate ongoing action. For example, सेव् + शानच् becomes सेवमान (serving). This प्रत्यय is essential for forming present participles in Sanskrit, often used to describe actions in progress.

The तव्यत् प्रत्यय is used to form gerunds or future passive participles, indicating necessity or obligation. For example, कर् + तव्यत् becomes कर्तव्य (must be done). It’s pivotal for constructing sentences that convey duty or advisability, common in instructional texts.

मतुप् (मान्) and वतुप् (वान्) both denote possession but apply to different stems. मतुप् follows अकारान्त stems (बुद्धिमान् from बुद्धि), while वतुप् follows non-अकारान्त stems (धनवान् from धन). Their usage depends on the stem’s ending, a key detail for accurate word formation.

The इन् प्रत्यय denotes possession or association, added to nouns to form adjectives. For example, बल + इन् becomes बलिन् (strong). It’s instrumental in describing characteristics, with forms like बलिन् (masculine), बलिनी (feminine), and बलि (neuter) adapting to gender.

स्त्रीप्रत्यया: are suffixes like टाप् or ङीप् that convert masculine nouns to feminine, e.g., छात्र + टाप् becomes छात्रा (female student). They’re vital for gender agreement in sentences, ensuring grammatical harmony between subjects and predicates.

The तल् प्रत्यय forms abstract nouns from adjectives, indicating a state or quality. For example, मूर्ख + तल् becomes मूर्खता (stupidity). It’s widely used in philosophical and literary texts to discuss abstract concepts concisely.

The ठक् प्रत्यय creates adjectives indicating relation or pertaining to, like आध्यात्मिक (spiritual) from अध्यात्म. It’s essential for deriving terms that describe affiliations, such as geographical or conceptual connections, enriching descriptive vocabulary.

Students often confuse similar प्रत्यया: like तव्यत् and अनीयर्, or misapply gender-specific suffixes. To avoid this, practice with examples: तव्यत् for obligation (कर्तव्य) and अनीयर् for worthiness (पूजनीय). Regular drills on gender suffixes also help solidify understanding.

In 'गृहीतः पुस्तकम्', गृहीतः comes from ग्रह् + क्त, meaning 'the book that has been taken'. The क्त प्रत्यय here forms a past passive participle, indicating an action completed in the past with a passive voice.

Identify the word’s role in the sentence: use कृदन्त for verb-derived nouns, तद्धित for noun derivatives, and स्त्रीप्रत्यया: for feminine forms. Contextual clues like tense, voice, and gender guide the choice, e.g., future obligation requires तव्यत्.

क्त forms past passive participles (गत from गम्), while क्तवतु forms past active participles (गतवान्). क्त indicates the subject underwent the action, whereas क्तवतु shows the subject performed it, crucial for active vs. passive constructions.

The अनीयर् प्रत्यय denotes worthiness or necessity, e.g., पूज् + अनीयर् becomes पूजनीय (worthy of worship). It’s used to express respect or obligation, often in contexts like moral instructions or devotional texts.

स्त्रीप्रत्यया: like टाप् transform masculine profession nouns into feminine: अध्यापक + टाप् becomes अध्यापिका (female teacher). This is essential for gender-specific references, ensuring accuracy in descriptions and roles within sentences.

Use 'कृ-T-S' for कृदन्त-तद्धित-स्त्रीप्रत्यया:. कृ for verbs, T for nouns, S for feminine forms. This acronym helps categorize suffixes by their base word type, streamlining memorization and application during exams.

प्रत्यया: modify words to fit grammatical roles, enabling precise expression of tense, voice, gender, and number. Without them, constructing meaningful sentences would be impossible, as they provide the necessary inflections for syntactic and semantic accuracy.

Remember 'तुमुन् for intention, तव्यत् for obligation'. तुमुन् (like कर्तुम्) expresses purpose ('to do'), while तव्यत् (कर्तव्य) indicates duty ('must do'). This distinction clarifies their usage in purpose vs. obligatory contexts.

ङीप् applies to stems ending in आ (मातृ → माता), while टाप् applies to others (बालक → बालका). ङीप् often appears in kinship terms, whereas टाप् is more general, a key detail for feminine noun formation.

Mastering प्रत्यया: enhances reading comprehension of classical texts, aids in precise translation, and improves creative writing in Sanskrit. It’s foundational for advanced studies in Vyakarana (grammar) and contributes to a deeper appreciation of Sanskrit literature.

Focus on identifying the root word and required grammatical function (tense, gender, etc.). Practice common प्रत्यया: like क्त, तव्यत्, and मतुप् with examples. Time yourself to ensure quick recall, and review past papers to familiarize with question patterns.

गच्छन्ती is formed by adding शतृ (अन्त) to गम् (गच्छत्) + ङीप् for feminine gender: गच्छत् + ङीप् → गच्छन्ती. It means 'she who is going', showcasing the use of present participle and feminine suffixes in action descriptions.

कर्त्तरी incorrectly applies ङीप् directly to कर्तृ (doer). The correct form is कर्त्री, as कर्तृ + ङीप् → कर्त्री. This highlights the need to first ensure the base word can accept the प्रत्यय before application.

By systematically modifying roots, प्रत्यया: generate families of related words. For example, from लिख् (write), we get लेख (writing), लेखक (writer), and लेखनीय (worthy of writing). This multiplicative effect significantly enriches one’s lexicon efficiently.