Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms, typically microorganisms, to remove or neutralize contaminants from soil and water.

Ananda M. Chakrabarty is known for developing genetically engineered microorganisms for biodegradation, particularly the multi-plasmid hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas.

Sewage consists of human excreta, wash waters, industrial waste, agricultural wastes, and livestock waste, largely comprising 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic matter.

The three steps are: Primary (physical) treatment, Secondary (biological) treatment, and Tertiary (advanced) treatment.

Primary treatment involves physical methods like screening and sedimentation to remove coarse solids, resulting in primary sludge.

The goal is to remove suspended organic material using biological processes, primarily through aerobic or anaerobic microbial actions.

Tertiary treatment focuses on removing non-biodegradable pollutants and nutrients to prevent eutrophication before effluent discharge.

Eutrophication is the excessive growth of algae in water bodies due to nutrient overload, leading to oxygen depletion.

Common pollutants include nitrogen, phosphorus, microorganisms, and organic matter, which can harm aquatic ecosystems.

Pesticides are categorized into organochlorine and organophosphorus, among others, based on their chemical structure.

Unregulated solid waste can breed vectors for diseases, pollute water, and harm public health.

Solid waste management is the discipline of collecting, treating, and disposing of solid waste effectively to protect public health and the environment.

Their purpose is to treat sewage before discharge into water bodies, preventing health risks and environmental damage.

Anaerobic digestion is a biological treatment method in which organic waste is decomposed by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen.

Calcium hydroxide is used to precipitate phosphorus, and vigorous aeration is used to remove ammonia during tertiary treatment.

Carbon polishing is a process in tertiary treatment where water flows through activated carbon to adsorb dissolved organic compounds.

The management of biomedical waste is governed by the Biomedical Waste Management Rules (BMWM), which classify wastes based on color-coded segregation.

BOD is measured by incubating diluted sewage with saturated oxygen water and measuring residual oxygen after five days.