This chapter explores the significance of Vijayanagara as a thriving imperial capital between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, highlighting its rich cultural, social, and economic landscape.
THEME SEVEN - AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL: VIJAYANAGARA (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century) - Quick Look Revision Guide
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Key Points
Vijayanagara meaning 'city of victory'.
Founded in the 14th century, it became a major South Indian empire preserving local culture.
Founders: Harihara and Bukka.
Established the empire in 1336, influencing various languages and religions across India.
Cultural synthesis with diverse traditions.
Vijayanagara forged a blend of local and foreign influences, especially in architecture.
Trade under Krishnadeva Raya.
The king promoted commerce and established trade links, especially after 1498 with Portugal.
Imperial architecture: Gopurams and mandapas.
The iconic temple entrances symbolized royal authority and the cultural amalgamation of the empire.
Water management systems.
Innovative structures like the Kamalapuram tank ensured irrigation and supported the city's needs.
Amara-nayaka system of governance.
Military leaders governed territories, collecting taxes and ensuring loyalty to the rayas.
The significance of the Mahanavami Dibba.
A ceremonial platform for royal rituals linking the king to divine legitimacy during festivals.
Art and literature flourished.
This era gave rise to renowned works, including Krishnadeva Raya's 'Amuktamalyada' on governance.
Decline post-Krishnadeva Raya.
After his death (1529), weak rulers led to internal strife and the eventual fall of Vijayanagara.
Vijayanagara's capture in 1565.
The fall occurred at the Battle of Talikota, leading to the city's destruction and abandonment.
Cultural legacy continued by Nayakas.
Post-Vijayanagara rulers maintained architectural traditions, evident in subsequent temple constructions.
Prominent temples: Virupaksha and Vitthala.
These served as religious, cultural, and political centers symbolizing the empire's grandeur.
Diverse marketplaces described by travellers.
Accounts highlight the abundance of goods, revealing the empire's economic prosperity and trade impact.
Masonry construction techniques.
Without mortar, unique methods were used to make the structures withstand time and elements.
Influence of Indo-Islamic architecture.
Integration of Islamic styles readily adapted for the empire's unique aesthetic and functional needs.
Socio-economics of urban life.
Archaeological evidence shows a well-structured urban environment catering to diverse populations.
Hampi's archaeological rediscovery.
First mapped in 1800 by Colin Mackenzie; ongoing excavations enrich understanding of Vijayanagara.
Religion's role in governance.
Kings claimed divine authority, using temple patronage to affirm their power and maintain social order.
Environmental sustainability practices.
Water conservation and agricultural strategies displayed the empire’s adaptation to climatic challenges.
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