Formula Sheet: ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

F is the electrostatic force (N), k is Coulomb's constant (≈ 9 × 10⁹ N m²/C²), q₁ and q₂ are the point charges (C), and r is the distance between them (m). This is Coulomb's law, showing the inverse square relationship between force and distance.

E is the electric field (N/C) due to a point charge q at a distance r. This formula indicates how the strength of the electric field diminishes with the square of the distance from the charge.

E is the electric field due to an infinite plane sheet of charge with surface charge density σ (C/m²). The constant ε₀ is the permittivity of free space (≈ 8.85 × 10⁻¹² C²/(N·m²)). This formula describes the uniform electric field generated by an infinite sheet.

For a spherical charge distribution, E is the electric field outside the sphere where Q is the total charge and r is the distance from the center. This signifies the field behaves as if all charge were located at the center.

F is the force experienced by charge q in an electric field E. This highlights the basic definition of electric field as the force per unit charge, indicating the impact of an electric field on a charge.

φ is electric flux (Nm²/C), E is the electric field, A is the area (m²) through which the field lines pass, and θ is the angle between the field direction and the normal to the surface. This measures how much electric field penetrates a given area.

p is the dipole moment (C·m), q is the magnitude of one of the charges, and d is the distance separating the charges. It signifies the separation and strength of electric dipoles.

For a dipole, E is the electric field at a point on the dipole axis at distance r from the dipole center. This shows attenuation with distance cubed, emphasizing dipole effects diminish rapidly with distance.

Q is the total charge (C), n is an integer (the number of elementary charges), and e (≈ 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C) is the elementary charge. This formula captures the quantized nature of electric charge.

This is Gauss's law, where E is the electric field, dA is an infinitesimal area vector, and Q_enc is the total charge enclosed by a closed surface. This law relates electric flux through a surface to the charge enclosed.

This equation describes the electric field due to a point charge q at a distance r from the charge. It illustrates how the electric field strength decreases with the square of the distance.

This equation is Coulomb's law in its basic form and describes the magnitude of the force between two point charges. k is the electrostatic force constant.

This equation describes the electric field due to an infinite charged plane sheet, showing it is independent of distance from the sheet.

This is the integral form of Gauss's law, relating the electric flux through a closed surface to the charge enclosed by that surface.

This describes the electric field created by a point charge Q at a distance r from the charge. It demonstrates the strength of the electric field diminishes with distance.

Electric flux is calculated as the product of the electric field strength, the area, and the cosine of the angle between the electric field vector and the normal to the area.

This shows the force on a charge q in an electric field E and illustrates how electric fields induce forces on charges.

This is the electric field generated by a point charge at a distance r, showing the inverse-square relationship.

This describes the electric field due to an infinite line charge λ at a distance r, demonstrating the linear dependence on the charge density.

This is the electric field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet. It indicates uniform field strength, regardless of distance from the sheet.