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Revision Guide
Learn the forms of Sanskrit words (शब्दरूपाणि) to enhance your understanding and usage in sentences.
शब्दरूपाणि - Quick Look Revision Guide
Your 1-page summary of the most exam-relevant takeaways from Vyakaranavithi.
This compact guide covers 20 must-know concepts from शब्दरूपाणि aligned with Class X preparation for Sanskrit. Ideal for last-minute revision or daily review.
Key Points
Define शब्दरूपाणि.
शब्दरूपाणि refers to the various forms a word can take based on gender, number, and case in Sanskrit. It's essential for sentence construction. For example, 'रामः' (Ram) changes to 'रामेण' with the instrumental case.
Types of शब्दरूपाणि.
There are three main types: पुल्लिङ्ग (masculine), स्त्रीलिङ्ग (feminine), and नपुंसकलिङ्ग (neuter). Each has unique endings for different cases.
Importance of विभक्ति.
विभक्ति (case endings) indicate a word's function in a sentence, like subject, object, etc. Sanskrit has eight cases, each with specific uses.
First case (प्रथमा विभक्ति).
Used for the subject of the sentence. Example: 'रामः वनम् गच्छति' (Ram goes to the forest), where 'रामः' is in the first case.
Second case (द्वितीया विभक्ति).
Indicates the direct object. In 'फलम् खादति' (He eats fruit), 'फलम्' is in the second case.
Third case (तृतीया विभक्ति).
Shows the instrument or means. 'रामेण फलम् खाद्यते' (The fruit is eaten by Ram), 'रामेण' is in the third case.
Fourth case (चतुर्थी विभक्ति).
Denotes the indirect object or recipient. 'रामाय फलम् ददाति' (He gives fruit to Ram), 'रामाय' is in the fourth case.
Fifth case (पञ्चमी विभक्ति).
Expresses separation or source. 'वनात् आगच्छति' (He comes from the forest), 'वनात्' is in the fifth case.
Sixth case (षष्ठी विभक्ति).
Shows possession. 'रामस्य पुस्तकम्' (Ram's book), 'रामस्य' is in the sixth case.
Seventh case (सप्तमी विभक्ति).
Indicates location. 'वने रामः' (Ram is in the forest), 'वने' is in the seventh case.
Eighth case (सम्बोधन प्रथमा).
Used for addressing someone. 'हे राम!' (O Ram!), 'राम' is in the eighth case.
Masculine noun endings.
Masculine nouns often end in -अः, -इः, or -उः in the nominative singular, like 'बालः' (boy), 'मुनिः' (sage), 'गुरुः' (teacher).
Feminine noun endings.
Feminine nouns typically end in -आ, -इ, or -ई in the nominative singular, such as 'लता' (creeper), 'मति' (intellect), 'नदी' (river).
Neuter noun endings.
Neuter nouns usually end in -अम्, -इम्, or -उम् in the nominative singular, like 'फलम्' (fruit), 'वारि' (water), 'मधु' (honey).
Dual number forms.
Sanskrit has singular, dual, and plural numbers. Dual is used for two items, with specific endings, e.g., 'रामौ' (two Rams).
Plural number forms.
Plural forms are used for three or more items, with endings like -अः, -आः, -इनि, e.g., 'रामाः' (many Rams).
Irregular शब्दरूपाणि.
Some words have irregular forms, like 'गो' (cow) becomes 'गावः' in plural, not following the usual patterns.
Memory hack for cases.
Remember the order of cases with the mnemonic 'सु औ जो के लिए, से, का में, हे!' corresponding to the eight cases.
Common mistakes to avoid.
Students often confuse the third and fourth cases. Remember, the third case is 'by/with' (instrumental), and the fourth is 'to/for' (dative).
Practice with examples.
Regularly practice declining nouns in all cases, numbers, and genders. For instance, decline 'पुस्तकम्' (book) in all cases to master neuter nouns.
प्रत्यय अध्याय में शब्दों के अंत में जोड़े जाने वाले प्रत्ययों और उनके प्रभावों के बारे में सीखें।
समास परिचय अध्याय में हम समास के मूलभूत सिद्धांतों, प्रकारों और उनके प्रयोग को समझेंगे।
Learn about कारक (case) and विभक्ति (declension) in Hindi grammar to understand the role of nouns in sentences.
Learn the art of transforming direct speech into indirect speech and vice versa in Hindi with वाच्य परिवर्तन.
रचना प्रयोग अध्याय में छात्रों को विभिन्न प्रकार की रचनाओं और उनके प्रयोग के बारे में सीखने का अवसर मिलता है।
