Worksheet: Team Games and Sports II

Kabaddi is played on a court measuring 13x10 meters for men and 12x8 meters for women. Each team has 12 players, with 7 on the field. The game consists of two halves of 20 minutes each for men, with a 5-minute interval. Points are scored by tagging opponents and returning to the home half while chanting 'Kabaddi'. A 'Lona' awards 2 bonus points for making all opponents out. Bonus points are awarded for crossing the bonus line under specific conditions. Substitutions are allowed during timeouts or intervals, with restrictions. The team with the highest points at the end wins. Precautions include clipped nails and no ornaments.

Offensive skills in Kabaddi include various touches like hand touch, toe touch, and foot touch, and kicks like back kick, side kick, and curve kick. Defensive skills include ankle hold, thigh hold, waist hold, wrist hold, and blocking. These skills are crucial for raiders to score points and for defenders to prevent raiders from scoring. Mastery of these skills enhances a player's effectiveness in the game. For example, a raider uses toe touch to tag opponents from a distance, while a defender uses ankle hold to counter leg thrusts. These skills require practice, agility, and strategic thinking to execute effectively during a match.

Kho-Kho is a traditional Indian sport with roots in 'Rathera'. The rules were first framed in the early 1900s, and the first book was published in 1924. It was showcased at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The game involves two teams, chasers and runners, with matches consisting of two innings of 9 minutes each. The playground is rectangular, 27x16 meters, with poles at each end. Chasers must tag runners while adhering to movement restrictions. The team that tags all opponents in the shortest time wins. Kho-Kho emphasizes agility, speed, and teamwork, making it a thrilling and strategic game.

Kho-Kho skills include offensive techniques like giving kho to the side, pole turning, covering on cross lane, pole dive, and tapping. Defensive skills include chain game, ring game, combination of chain and ring game, dodging, and avoiding the pole. These skills are essential for chasers to efficiently tag runners and for runners to evade capture. For instance, the chain game involves runners taking entry behind sitting chasers, while dodging uses body movements to deceive chasers. Mastery of these skills enhances performance and strategic depth in the game.

Judo, meaning 'gentle way', is a martial art and Olympic sport developed in Japan by Jigoro Kano. It emphasizes balance, leverage, and techniques like throws, immobilizations, and submissions. Judo promotes physical fitness, discipline, and self-defense. It was included in the Olympics in 1964, highlighting its global appeal. Judo's competitive aspect involves scoring points through techniques like Ippon. The sport also includes weight categories to ensure fair competition. Judo's principles and techniques have influenced other martial arts and combat systems, making it a significant and respected sport worldwide.

Judo matches are presided over by a referee and two judges. Contestants wear judogi and compete for 5 minutes (men) or 4 minutes (women). Points are awarded for techniques like takedown (1 point), exposure (variable points), and Ippon (10 points, immediate win). Penalties include shido and hansoku-make. The 'Golden Score' rule decides ties. The competition area is 14-16 meters square, with a contest area marked by a danger zone. Judo's rules ensure safety, fairness, and the sport's competitive spirit, making it a disciplined and strategic martial art.

Wrestling, or 'Kushti', has ancient roots in India, mentioned in epics like Mahabharata and Ramayana. It was patronized by kings and included in military training during British rule. India hosted the World Wrestling Championship in 1967. Wrestling includes styles like freestyle and Greco-Roman, with rules varying by type. Traditional Indian wrestling involves mud pits and techniques like dao, pench, and paintra. Modern wrestling follows international rules, with weight categories and scoring systems. Wrestling promotes physical strength, discipline, and strategic thinking, making it a revered and popular sport in India.

Wrestling has two Olympic styles: freestyle and Greco-Roman, differing in leg use. Matches are on a 9-meter circular mat, with officials ensuring fair play. Points are awarded for takedown (1 point), exposure (variable), reversal (1 point), and escape (1 point). A fall ends the match. Bouts last two periods (3 minutes each for seniors), with a 30-second break. Victory can be by fall, injury, disqualification, or points. The 'Golden Score' rule resolves ties. Wrestling's rules emphasize technique, strength, and strategy, ensuring a competitive and disciplined sport.

Participating in team games like Kabaddi and Kho-Kho offers numerous benefits. These games enhance physical fitness, agility, and endurance. They promote teamwork, communication, and strategic thinking. Kabaddi and Kho-Kho also foster discipline, quick decision-making, and mental toughness. Being indigenous sports, they preserve cultural heritage and encourage community participation. These games are accessible, requiring minimal equipment, making them inclusive. Regular participation improves cardiovascular health, coordination, and overall well-being. Additionally, they provide opportunities for competitive play at various levels, from local to international, fostering sportsmanship and national pride.

The 'cant' in Kabaddi is the continuous chanting of 'Kabaddi' by the raider while holding their breath during a raid. It ensures the raider is not inhaling, making the raid a single breath effort. This adds a unique physical challenge and strategic element, as the raider must plan their moves efficiently within this breath-holding period.

In Kabaddi, points are scored by tagging opponents and returning to the home half. A 'Lona' is awarded when all opponents are declared out, giving the team 2 extra points. Bonus points are awarded to the raider for crossing the bonus line when at least 6 defenders are on the court, adding a strategic layer to the game.

Defensive skills in Kabaddi include ankle hold, thigh hold, and blocking, designed to stop the raider. Ankle hold counters leg thrusts, thigh hold is used as a surprise tactic, and blocking creates a wall to obstruct the raider. These skills require teamwork and quick reflexes to effectively neutralize the raider's offensive strategies.

Judo originated from Japanese jujutsu, developed by Jigoro Kano in the late 19th century. It was recognized as a sport by 1910 and included in Japan's educational system. Key developments include the introduction of weight categories and its Olympic debut in 1964, which helped standardize rules and promote international participation.

Freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling share similar rules but differ in leg use. Freestyle allows attacks using both arms and legs, while Greco-Roman restricts leg attacks. Scoring includes takedowns, exposures, and reversals, with both styles aiming to pin the opponent's shoulders to the mat for a fall.

A Judo match has three officials: a referee and two judges. The referee conducts the match, while judges assist and indicate out-of-bounds. Decisions are made by majority vote, with the referee using hand gestures to signal points or penalties. Disagreements are resolved through a vote among the officials.

Successful Kho-Kho players need offensive skills like giving kho and pole turning to chase defenders, and defensive skills like chain and ring games to evade chasers. Dodging and avoiding the pole are also crucial for defenders to outmaneuver opponents.

The Pro Kabaddi League, established in 2014, revolutionized Kabaddi by introducing a professional league format, attracting sponsors, and broadcasting matches widely. This increased visibility, player salaries, and youth participation, elevating Kabaddi from a rural pastime to a mainstream sport.

Wrestling precautions include wearing proper uniforms, clipping nails, and avoiding ornaments. Mat surfaces are designed to minimize impact, and medical personnel are present. Rules prohibit dangerous holds, and referees enforce safety protocols to protect athletes from serious injuries.

The Pro Kabaddi League has significantly elevated Kabaddi's status in urban India by professionalizing the sport, increasing media coverage, and attracting sponsorships. It has changed perceptions from a rural pastime to a competitive sport, inspiring youth participation. However, critics argue it commercializes the sport, potentially diluting its traditional essence. The league's success lies in balancing tradition with modern appeal, as evidenced by growing viewership and player salaries.

The 'cant' in Kabaddi, where the raider chants 'Kabaddi' while holding their breath, is crucial for validating a raid. Physiologically, it tests lung capacity, breath control, and endurance, demanding high cardiovascular fitness. This unique aspect differentiates Kabaddi from other sports, emphasizing mental and physical discipline. However, it also poses risks like hyperventilation if not performed correctly, highlighting the need for proper training.

In Kabaddi, defensive strategies like ankle holds and blocking focus on immobilizing the raider, requiring strength and teamwork. Kho-Kho's defense relies on agility and quick decision-making, with skills like chain and ring games to evade chasers. Kabaddi's defense is more physical, while Kho-Kho emphasizes speed and strategy. Both are effective within their contexts, but Kabaddi's defense is more confrontational, whereas Kho-Kho's is evasive.

Judo's inclusion in the Olympics in 1964 marked its transition from a traditional Japanese martial art to a global sport, standardizing rules and promoting international competition. This has increased its popularity but also led to criticisms of over-sportification, potentially diluting its philosophical roots. Traditional martial arts face a dilemma: modernizing for global appeal risks losing cultural essence, while staying traditional may limit growth. Judo's balance serves as a model.

Weight categories in Judo and wrestling ensure fairness by matching competitors of similar size and strength, reducing injury risks and promoting equitable competition. They allow athletes to compete based on skill rather than physical dominance. However, strict weight management can lead to unhealthy practices like rapid weight loss. The system's benefits in safety and fairness outweigh these risks, provided athletes follow healthy weight management guidelines.

The 'Golden Score' rule in Judo, where the first scorer in overtime wins, adds excitement and decisiveness to matches, preventing indefinite draws. It rewards aggression and skill under pressure. However, it can also lead to conservative play in regulation time, as players may avoid risks to force a Golden Score. While it ensures clear winners, it may not always reflect overall dominance in the match.

Wrestling in India, or 'Kushti', has deep cultural roots, dating back to epics like the Mahabharata, where it was a symbol of strength and honor. Traditional akharas preserve these values, emphasizing discipline and spirituality. Modern wrestling, highlighted by Olympic successes, has revived interest, blending tradition with global competitiveness. This duality enriches India's sports culture, though challenges remain in grassroots development and gender inclusivity.

Female wrestlers in India face societal stereotypes, lack of infrastructure, and limited funding, hindering their progress. Role models like Geeta Phogat, the first Indian woman wrestler at the Olympics, have challenged norms, inspiring participation and changing perceptions. Their success highlights the potential for gender equality in sports, though systemic barriers persist. Continued support and visibility are crucial for sustaining progress.

Wrestling's scoring system, which awards points for takedowns, exposure, and reversals, aims to reward technical skill and strategy. However, physical dominance can still play a significant role, especially in Greco-Roman style, where leg attacks are restricted. The system strives for balance, but critics argue it may favor stronger athletes. Refinements like additional points for high-amplitude throws help emphasize skill, though perfect equity remains elusive.