Explore the versatile world of carbon, its allotropes, and the vast array of compounds it forms, including hydrocarbons and their derivatives, in this comprehensive chapter.
Carbon and its Compounds - Quick Look Revision Guide
Your 1-page summary of the most exam-relevant takeaways from Science.
This compact guide covers 20 must-know concepts from Carbon and its Compounds aligned with Class X preparation for Science. Ideal for last-minute revision or daily review.
Complete study summary
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Key Points
Define covalent bond with example.
A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Example: H2 molecule where two hydrogen atoms share electrons.
Explain tetravalency of carbon.
Carbon has four valence electrons, enabling it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms, leading to a vast variety of compounds.
What is catenation?
Catenation is the ability of carbon to form bonds with other carbon atoms, creating long chains, branched chains, or rings.
Difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds (alkanes), while unsaturated have double/triple bonds (alkenes/alkynes). Example: Ethane (C2H6) vs Ethene (C2H4).
Homologous series definition.
A series of compounds with the same functional group, differing by CH2 unit. Example: Methane, Ethane, Propane in alkanes.
Functional groups in carbon compounds.
Groups like -OH (alcohol), -CHO (aldehyde), -COOH (carboxylic acid) determine the compound's properties.
Combustion of carbon compounds.
Carbon compounds burn in oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, heat, and light. Example: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat.
Oxidation reactions of alcohols.
Alcohols oxidize to aldehydes then carboxylic acids. Example: Ethanol → Ethanal → Ethanoic acid.
Addition reaction in unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in presence of catalysts. Example: Ethene + H2 → Ethane (Ni catalyst).
Substitution reaction in alkanes.
Alkanes undergo substitution with halogens in sunlight. Example: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl (in sunlight).
Properties of ethanol.
Ethanol is a liquid at room temp, soluble in water, used in drinks and medicines. Reacts with Na to form H2.
Properties of ethanoic acid.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, smells like vinegar, reacts with bases/carbonates to form salts, CO2, and water.
Esterification reaction.
Alcohol + carboxylic acid → Ester + water. Example: Ethanol + Ethanoic acid → Ethyl ethanoate + water.
Saponification reaction.
Esters react with NaOH to form soap (salt of fatty acid) and glycerol. Used in soap making.
Soap micelles formation.
Soap molecules form micelles in water, with hydrophobic tails inward and hydrophilic heads outward, emulsifying dirt.
Hard water and soap reaction.
Hard water contains Ca2+/Mg2+ ions that react with soap to form insoluble scum, reducing cleaning efficiency.
Detergents vs soaps.
Detergents are ammonium/sulphonate salts, work in hard water, don’t form scum, used in shampoos/laundry.
Allotropes of carbon.
Carbon exists in different forms like diamond (hard), graphite (conducts electricity), and fullerene (C60).
Test for unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Bromine water test: Unsaturated compounds decolorize bromine water (orange to colorless).
Importance of carbon compounds.
Carbon compounds are essential in fuels, medicines, plastics, and life processes due to their versatile bonding.
Explore the fundamentals of chemical reactions, types, and balancing equations in this chapter, essential for understanding chemistry basics.
Explore the properties, reactions, and uses of acids, bases, and salts in everyday life and their importance in chemistry.
Explore the properties, reactions, and uses of metals and non-metals, understanding their role in daily life and industrial applications.
Life Processes explores the essential functions that sustain living organisms, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
