This chapter explores the significance of carbon and its wide range of compounds. It highlights the unique properties of carbon that enable it to form various essential materials for life and industry.
Carbon and its Compounds – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Science, tailored for Class X in Science.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Carbon and its Compounds chapter of Science. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Key concepts & formulas
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Formulas
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ (Alkane)
General formula for alkanes, where n is the number of carbon atoms. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds. Example: Methane (CH₄).
CₙH₂ₙ (Alkene)
General formula for alkenes, indicating unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond. Example: Ethene (C₂H₄).
CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ (Alkyne)
General formula for alkynes, denoting unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond. Example: Ethyne (C₂H₂).
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH (Alcohol)
General formula for alcohols, where n is the number of carbon atoms. Example: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH).
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH (Carboxylic Acid)
General formula for carboxylic acids. Example: Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH).
CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOCₘH₂ₘ₊₁ (Ester)
General formula for esters, formed by the reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids. Example: Ethyl ethanoate (CH₃COOC₂H₅).
C₆H₁₂O₆ (Glucose)
Molecular formula of glucose, a simple sugar and a key energy source in living organisms.
CH₄ (Methane)
Simplest alkane and a major component of natural gas. Used as a fuel.
C₂H₅OH (Ethanol)
Ethanol, used in alcoholic beverages and as a solvent. Can be produced by fermentation.
CH₃COOH (Ethanoic Acid)
Ethanoic acid, commonly known as acetic acid, used in vinegar and as a preservative.
Equations
Combustion of Methane: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
Methane burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Demonstrates complete combustion.
Fermentation: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
Glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast in the absence of oxygen.
Esterification: CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH → CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form ethyl ethanoate (ester) and water.
Oxidation of Ethanol: C₂H₅OH + [O] → CH₃COOH + H₂O
Ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid using oxidizing agents like alkaline KMnO₄ or K₂Cr₂O₇.
Hydrogenation of Ethene: C₂H₄ + H₂ → C₂H₆
Ethene reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst to form ethane, a saturated hydrocarbon.
Substitution Reaction: CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl
In the presence of sunlight, methane reacts with chlorine to form chloromethane and hydrogen chloride.
Dehydration of Ethanol: C₂H₅OH → C₂H₄ + H₂O
Ethanol is dehydrated to ethene in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K.
Saponification: CH₃COOC₂H₅ + NaOH → CH₃COONa + C₂H₅OH
Ester reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate and ethanol, a process used in soap making.
Reaction with Sodium: 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂
Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas, indicating the acidic nature of alcohols.
Neutralization: CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate and water, a typical acid-base reaction.
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