The Congress System refers to the political dominance of the Indian National Congress post-independence, characterized by its ability to form the government continuously until the late 1960s.

In the 1960s, the Congress faced internal divisions, stronger opposition parties, and increasing social and regional diversity that challenged its dominance.

Opposition unity refers to the coming together of rival parties to collectively challenge the Congress, which became significant during the 1960s.

The split occurred due to ideological differences, conflicts over leadership, and power struggles within the party, culminating in the formation of the Congress (O) and Congress (R).

The original election symbol of the Congress was a pair of bullocks, symbolizing agrarian roots and rural support.

Regional parties emerged as significant challengers, undermining the Congress's dominance by addressing specific local issues and interests.

Nehru's policies focused on secularism and socialism, which formed the ideological foundation of the Congress but became increasingly challenged post his tenure.

Social movements highlighted issues such as caste and class, pushing the Congress to address diverse interests and compromising its ideological uniformity.

The Emergency was a 21-month period when Indira Gandhi ruled by decree, suspending elections and civil liberties in response to political challenges.

Congress restored its dominance through a combination of political strategies, policy changes, and decisive leadership under Indira Gandhi amidst opposition challenges.

Key policies included nationalization of banks, land reform, and the Green Revolution aimed at boosting agricultural productivity.

Economic policies aimed at development contributed to initial support for Congress, but later created discontent among various social classes.

Constitutional amendments during this period aimed to strengthen the central government's authority and address emergent political challenges.

Popular support was bolstered by the Congress's historical legacy, social welfare initiatives, and the allure of stability amidst political chaos.

Post-Emergency, the Congress struggled due to loss of credibility, rise of the Janata Party, and growing public discontent over repressive measures.

The 1967 state elections and the 1971 general elections were pivotal as they marked the beginning of Congress's decline and eventual re-establishment under Indira Gandhi.

Factions within the Congress, differing ideologies, and competition for leadership positions led to instability and contributed to the party's challenges.

The long-term effects include a more competitive multiparty system, the erosion of Congress's dominance, and the rise of regional politics in India.