This chapter explores key developments in Indian politics from the late twentieth century to the present, focusing on coalition politics, social movements, and the rise of identity politics.
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Key Points
Decline of Congress dominance post-1989.
The 1989 elections marked the decline of Congress's central role in Indian politics, reducing its majority.
Rise of coalition politics.
Post-1989, Indian politics shifted towards coalition governments, reflecting diverse regional interests.
Mandal Commission's impact.
The 1990 implementation of OBC reservations ignited discussions and protests, reshaping party dynamics.
Ram Janmabhoomi movement.
The Ayodhya temple dispute has profoundly influenced communal politics and secularism in India.
Economic reforms of 1991.
Initiated by Narsimha Rao and Manmohan Singh, these reforms shifted India to a new economic model.
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.
Rajiv Gandhi's assassination in 1991 reshaped Congress leadership and led to Narsimha Rao's rise.
Formation of United Front in 1996.
A coalition of regional parties that highlighted the importance of alliance politics against Congress and BJP.
Hindutva ideology by BJP.
The BJP's promotion of Hindutva became important for its political mobilization, influencing national identity.
Shah Bano case's significance.
The Supreme Court judgment in favor of Shah Bano led to debates on secularism and women's rights in India.
Importance of regional parties.
Regional parties gained strength, influencing both state and central politics significantly post-1989.
Impact of electoral dynamics.
Since 1989, Congress and BJP have been significant competitors, often dividing votes to above 50%.
Increased political awareness among OBCs.
Mandal Commission debates heightened political identity and mobilization among Other Backward Classes.
Supreme Court ruling on Ayodhya temple.
The 2019 ruling resolved the Ayodhya dispute, showcasing the judiciary's role in political conflicts.
Significance of UPA and NDA.
Formation of the United Progressive Alliance and National Democratic Alliance illustrates coalition governance.
Consensus on economic policies.
Most political parties now support liberal economic reforms, reflecting a shift in policy consensus.
Role of caste in politics.
Caste-based politics emerged significantly, impacting party alliances and electoral strategies.
Communalism debates post-Emergency.
The rise of politics based on religious identity has led to significant discussions on secularism.
Political rise of Dalit parties.
Parties like BSP have emerged, advocating for Dalit rights and representation in governance.
Variable party images.
Parties like BJP and Congress have had fluctuating electoral success, responding to public sentiment.
Influence of social movements.
Social movements have pressured governments to address issues such as poverty, displacement, and justice.
Polarization in electoral politics.
Recent elections have shown increasing polarization, with parties mobilizing along ideological lines.
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