This chapter focuses on amines, organic compounds derived from ammonia, highlighting their structure, classification, properties, and importance in everyday life.
Amines – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Chemistry - II, tailored for Class 12 in Chemistry.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Amines chapter of Chemistry - II. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Key concepts & formulas
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Formulas
pK_b = -log K_b
pK_b represents the base dissociation constant's logarithmic form, where K_b indicates the strength of the base in aqueous solution. A lower pK_b value signifies a stronger base.
R-NH2 (Primary amine) → R-NH-R' (Secondary amine) → R-NR'2 (Tertiary amine)
This reaction pathway illustrates the classification of amines as primary, secondary, and tertiary based on how many hydrogen atoms are replaced with alkyl/aryl groups.
C6H5-NH2 → C6H5-N2Cl (Diazotization)
This reaction shows how aniline reacts with nitrous acid to form benzenediazonium chloride, which is crucial for making aromatic compounds.
SAM (Sodium Amide) + NH3 → R-NH2
This reaction depicts the preparation of primary amines through the reaction of sodium amide with ammonia.
R-Br + NH3 → R-NH2 + HBr (Ammonolysis)
This reaction depicts the nucleophilic substitution where halides are replaced by amine groups, forming primary amines.
C6H5-NO2 + HCl + Fe → C6H5-NH2 + H2O + FeCl3
This shows the reduction of nitro compounds (like nitrobenzene) to amines (like aniline), important for synthetic organic chemistry.
R-NH2 + RCOCl → R-NHR + HCl (Acylation)
This represents the nucleophilic substitution of the amine's hydrogen by an acyl group, forming amides.
R-NH2 + R'Br → R-NR'2 + HBr (Alkylation)
This reaction indicates the formation of secondary and tertiary amines through successive alkylation.
Carbylamine Reaction: R-NH2 + CHCl3 + KOH → R-N≡C + KCl + H2O
This reaction produces foul-smelling isocyanides from primary amines, serving as a testing method.
R-N2^+ + H2O → R-OH + N2↑
Hydrolysis of diazonium salts leading to phenols, significant for organic synthesis.
Equations
C6H5-NH2 + NaNO2 + HCl → C6H5-N2+Cl- + 2H2O
Aniline reacts with NaNO2 in HCl to form diazonium salt, a key reaction in aryl amine chemistry.
R2NH + R'Br → R2NR' + HBr
Secondary amines are formed via the reaction of primary amines with alkyl halides.
C6H5-N2Cl + H2O → C6H5-OH + N2↑
Benzenediazonium chloride hydrolyzes in water to form phenol and nitrogen gas.
R-NH2 + RCOOH → R-NH3+ + RCOO-
Carboxylic acid reacts with amines to form ammonium carboxylate salt.
NH3 + R-X (alkyl halide) → R-NH2 + HX
Ammonia reacts with alkyl halides to form primary amines via nucleophilic substitution.
R-CO-NR2 + Br2 + KOH → R-COOH + NR2Br
This reaction illustrates the use of bromine in the degradation of amides to carboxylic acids.
R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → R-NC + 3KCl + 2H2O
The carbylamine reaction showing the conversion of primary amines to isocyanides.
C6H5-NH2 + R-X → C6H5-NHR
This represents the alkylation of aniline to form N-alkylanilines.
C6H5-N2^+ + CuBr → C6H5-Br + N2↑ + CuBr2
Use of diazonium salts for the synthesis of aryl halides.
C6H5-N2^+ + HO- → C6H5-OH + N2↑
Hydrolysis of diazonium salts leading to phenols.
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