This chapter explores haloalkanes and haloarenes, focusing on their formation, properties, and applications.
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Chemistry - II, tailored for Class 12 in Chemistry.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Haloalkanes and Haloarenes chapter of Chemistry - II. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Key concepts & formulas
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Formulas
R—X (Haloalkanes and Haloarenes)
R represents an alkyl (for haloalkanes) or aryl (for haloarenes) group, while X denotes the halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). This formula represents the general structure of haloalkanes and haloarenes.
C_nH_{2n+1}X (Homologous series of haloalkanes)
n represents the number of carbon atoms. This formula indicates the general formula for haloalkanes where X is the halogen atom.
R—OH + HX → R—X + H_2O (Formation of Haloalkanes from Alcohols)
R—OH is an alcohol, HX is a hydrogen halide. This equation shows the reaction of alcohols with halogen acids to produce haloalkanes.
R—X + NaI → R—I + NaX (Finkelstein Reaction)
This reaction involves the exchange of halides, where an alkyl halide (R—X) reacts with sodium iodide to produce an alkyl iodide.
C=C + HX → R—X (Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes)
This equation shows the addition of a hydrogen halide across a carbon double bond to form an alkyl halide.
C−X + H2O → C−OH + HX (Hydrolysis of Haloalkanes)
This equation represents the hydrolysis of haloalkanes to form alcohols, where water attacks the carbon bonded to the halogen.
C_nH_{2n-1}X + KOH (alc) → C_nH_{2n} + HX (Dehydrohalogenation)
This equation depicts the elimination reaction where a haloalkane reacts with alcoholic KOH to form an alkene.
C_nH_{2n-1}Cl + MG → RMgCl + C
This reaction shows the formation of Grignard reagents by the reaction of haloalkanes with magnesium metal.
C6H5—X + RCOCl → C6H5—C(O)R + HX (Friedel-Crafts Acylation)
This equation depicts the electrophilic substitution reaction of haloarenes in Friedel-Crafts reactions.
C6H5—Cl + H2 (Ni) → C6H6 + HCl (Reduction of Haloarenes)
This equation shows the reduction of haloarenes to form the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbon.
Equations
C2H5Cl + NaOH (alc) → C2H4 + NaCl + H2O (Elimination)
This equation illustrates the elimination reaction where ethyl chloride reacts with alcoholic sodium hydroxide to give ethylene.
C3H7Br + KCN → C3H7CN + KBr (Nucleophilic substitution)
In this reaction, 1-bromopropane reacts with potassium cyanide to form propyl cyanide.
C6H5—Br + Mg → C6H5MgBr (Formation of Grignard Reagent)
This reaction describes the formation of phenylmagnesium bromide from bromobenzene and magnesium.
C3H7Cl + 2Na → C6H14 + 2NaCl (Wurtz Reaction)
In this reaction, ethyl chloride reacts with sodium to form butane through the Wurtz reaction.
C6H5—NO2 + HOCl → C6H4(Cl)(NO2) + HCl (Electrophilic substitution)
This shows the reaction where chlorobenzene undergoes electrophilic substitution to introduce a nitro group.
C6H5—Cl + HNO3 + H2SO4 → C6H4(NO2)Cl + H2O (Nitration of Haloarenes)
This equation describes the nitration of chlorobenzene where a nitro group is introduced.
C3H7OH + PCl5 → C3H7Cl + POCl3 + HCl (Formation of Haloalkanes from Alcohol)
An alcohol reacts with phosphorus pentachloride to yield a haloalkane.
C2H4 + Br2 → C2H4Br2 (Halogenation of Alkenes)
This shows the addition of bromine to ethylene, resulting in a dibromide.
(C6H5)2CCl2 + KOH → (C6H5)2CO + KCl (Hydrolysis of Aromatic Haloalkanes)
This reaction illustrates the hydrolysis of an aromatic haloalkane.
C6H4(Br)(NO2) + Zn + HCl → C6H5—NH2 + ZnBrCl (Reduction of Aryl Halides)
This equation shows the reduction of bromonitrobenzene to aniline using zinc and hydrochloric acid.
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