This chapter explores the various biomolecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, highlighting their structures and functions.
Biomolecules – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Chemistry - II, tailored for Class 12 in Chemistry.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Biomolecules chapter of Chemistry - II. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Key concepts & formulas
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Formulas
C_n(H_2O)_n
This is the general formula of carbohydrates where n is the number of carbon atoms. It indicates that carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon and helps classify compounds as carbohydrates.
R-COOH + R'-NH2 → R-CONHR' + H2O
This is the reaction that forms a peptide bond between two amino acids. R-COOH is the carboxylic acid part of an amino acid and R'-NH2 is the amino group of another amino acid.
n(C_nH_{2n}O_n) → (C_nH_{2n}O_n)_n
This relation indicates how several monosaccharides (C_nH_{2n}O_n) can combine to form a polysaccharide (polymeric form). It highlights the concept of polymerization in carbohydrates.
C_6H_{12}O_6
This is the molecular formula of glucose, an important monosaccharide. It represents a primary source of energy in biological systems.
E_n = m \cdot g \cdot h
This represents the potential energy in biological systems where 'E' is energy, 'm' is mass, 'g' is acceleration due to gravity, and 'h' is height. This relates to energy changes during biochemical reactions.
Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose
This is a hydrolysis reaction where sucrose (disaccharide) breaks down into glucose and fructose (monosaccharides) in the presence of water.
Glycogen + n H2O → Glucose (n)
Glycogen hydrolysis converts stored energy in glycogen into glucose units, which can be utilized for energy release.
C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
This is another representation of the hydrolysis of sucrose to form two molecules of glucose during digestion.
2 amino acids → Dipeptide + H2O
This represents the condensation reaction where two amino acids combine to form a dipeptide, releasing a molecule of water.
DNA → Nucleotide + Nucleotide + ...
This expresses the polymerization of nucleotides to form a nucleic acid like DNA, which is critical for genetic information storage.
Equations
C_n(H_2O)_n → Monosaccharides + H2O (for n >= 3)
This equation describes the hydrolysis of polysaccharides into monosaccharides, showcasing the breakdown of complex carbohydrates.
R-COOH + R'-NH2 → R-CONHR' + H2O
This reaction illustrates peptide bond formation between amino acids, essential for protein synthesis.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP)
This equation represents cellular respiration where glucose is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
This is the equation for fermentation, converting glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide, relevant in alcohol production.
n(Amino acid) → Polypeptide + H2O
This depicts how multiple amino acids are combined into a polypeptide chain through peptide bond formation.
A-Base + B-Base ↔ A-B
This represents the base pairing in nucleic acids (Adenine pairs with Thymine/Uracil), crucial for DNA/RNA stability.
Carbohydrates + H2O → Monosaccharides (Hydrolysis)
This shows the general hydrolysis of carbohydrates, providing simpler sugar units.
Fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
This classification helps in the understanding of vitamin solubility, affecting absorption and storage in the body.
Water soluble vitamins: B, C
This indicates that these vitamins must be consumed regularly due to their limited storage in the body.
Cholesterol + Enzymes → Hormones
This represents the transformation of cholesterol into various steroid hormones through enzymatic action in the body.
This chapter explores haloalkanes and haloarenes, focusing on their formation, properties, and applications.
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Start chapterThis chapter focuses on amines, organic compounds derived from ammonia, highlighting their structure, classification, properties, and importance in everyday life.
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