Life Processes in Animals – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Curiosity, tailored for Class 7 in Science.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Life Processes in Animals chapter of Curiosity. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Key concepts & formulas
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Formulas
Digestion: Starch → Sugar
Starch (carbohydrates) breaks down into sugar through the action of enzymes in saliva. This conversion occurs in the mouth during mechanical digestion.
Energy from Glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + Energy
This equation represents cellular respiration where glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and energy (ATP).
Absorption: Nutrients → Blood
Digested nutrients from the small intestine travel into the bloodstream. This process allows nutrients to reach cells throughout the body for energy and repair.
Bile Function: Bile + Fat → Emulsified Fat
Bile aids in the digestion of fats by breaking them into smaller droplets, making them easier to digest and absorb in the small intestine.
Respiration Equation: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
It summarizes the process of aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy, essential for life.
Digestive Juice pH: pH ≈ 1.5 to 3.5
The stomach's digestive juices maintain a highly acidic pH to aid protein breakdown and kill bacteria. This ensures effective digestion.
Saliva Enzyme Action: Starch → Maltose
Saliva contains amylase, which converts starch into maltose (a simple sugar) during the initial digestion phase in the mouth.
Nutrient Transport: Blood → Body Cells
The circulatory system transports blood enriched with nutrients from the intestine to various body cells, facilitating metabolic processes.
Egestion: Waste → Anus
The process of egestion involves the expulsion of undigested food from the body through the anus, completing the digestive process.
Oxygen Utilization: O₂ + Glucose → Energy + CO₂
This signifies the oxygen needed for cellular respiration where energy is produced, underscoring the importance of oxygen in metabolic functions.
Equations
Ohm’s Law: V = IR
V refers to voltage (volts), I is current (amperes), and R is resistance (ohms). It explains the relationship between electric current and voltage.
Fick’s Law of Diffusion: J = -D (dC/dx)
Where J is the rate of transfer, D is the diffusion coefficient, and (dC/dx) is the concentration gradient. It describes how gases like oxygen diffuse in the lungs.
Rate of Respiration: R = V(nCO₂ - nO₂)
Where R denotes the respiration rate, V is volume of air, nCO₂ is moles of carbon dioxide produced, and nO₂ is moles of oxygen consumed. It measures how efficiently respiration occurs.
Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR): BMR = 70 kg × (weight in kg)^0.75
This formula estimates the energy expenditure of an organism at rest, useful in nutrition and health assessments.
Energy content of foods: Energy (kcal) = 4×(g Carbs) + 9×(g Fat) + 4×(g Protein)
Calculates the total energy from food components, crucial for understanding dietary intake and energy balance.
Weight Loss Calculation: CALORIC DEFICIT = CALORIES IN - CALORIES OUT
Helpful for understanding body weight management and nutrition planning.
Heart Rate (HR): HR = 60 / Time (in seconds)
This calculates beats per minute, essential for monitoring fitness and respiratory health during physical activities.
Blood Pressure (BP) = CO (Cardiac Output) × PR (Peripheral Resistance)
BP helps in assessing cardiovascular health, indicating the force of blood against arterial walls.
Pulmonary ventilation rate: PVR = Tidal Volume × Respiratory Rate
Where tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled per breath. This measures the efficiency of the respiratory system.
Regulation of Body Temperature: Heat Loss = Metabolic Heat Production + Heat Gained - Heat Lost
Describes the balance of heat production and loss, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
