Formula Sheet: Life Processes in Animals

Starch (carbohydrates) breaks down into sugar through the action of enzymes in saliva. This conversion occurs in the mouth during mechanical digestion.

This equation represents cellular respiration where glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) reacts with oxygen (O₂) to produce carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and energy (ATP).

Digested nutrients from the small intestine travel into the bloodstream. This process allows nutrients to reach cells throughout the body for energy and repair.

Bile aids in the digestion of fats by breaking them into smaller droplets, making them easier to digest and absorb in the small intestine.

It summarizes the process of aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy, essential for life.

The stomach's digestive juices maintain a highly acidic pH to aid protein breakdown and kill bacteria. This ensures effective digestion.

Saliva contains amylase, which converts starch into maltose (a simple sugar) during the initial digestion phase in the mouth.

The circulatory system transports blood enriched with nutrients from the intestine to various body cells, facilitating metabolic processes.

The process of egestion involves the expulsion of undigested food from the body through the anus, completing the digestive process.

This signifies the oxygen needed for cellular respiration where energy is produced, underscoring the importance of oxygen in metabolic functions.

V refers to voltage (volts), I is current (amperes), and R is resistance (ohms). It explains the relationship between electric current and voltage.

Where J is the rate of transfer, D is the diffusion coefficient, and (dC/dx) is the concentration gradient. It describes how gases like oxygen diffuse in the lungs.

Where R denotes the respiration rate, V is volume of air, nCO₂ is moles of carbon dioxide produced, and nO₂ is moles of oxygen consumed. It measures how efficiently respiration occurs.

This formula estimates the energy expenditure of an organism at rest, useful in nutrition and health assessments.

Calculates the total energy from food components, crucial for understanding dietary intake and energy balance.

Helpful for understanding body weight management and nutrition planning.

This calculates beats per minute, essential for monitoring fitness and respiratory health during physical activities.

BP helps in assessing cardiovascular health, indicating the force of blood against arterial walls.

Where tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled/exhaled per breath. This measures the efficiency of the respiratory system.

Describes the balance of heat production and loss, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis.