This chapter introduces chemical reactions and equations, detailing how substances transform during reactions and the significance of balanced equations.
Chemical Reactions and Equations – Formula & Equation Sheet
Essential formulas and equations from Science, tailored for Class X in Science.
This one-pager compiles key formulas and equations from the Chemical Reactions and Equations chapter of Science. Ideal for exam prep, quick reference, and solving time-bound numerical problems accurately.
Key concepts & formulas
Essential formulas, key terms, and important concepts for quick reference and revision.
Formulas
Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products. This law is foundational for balancing chemical equations.
Combination Reaction: A + B → AB
Two or more substances combine to form a single product. Example: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O.
Decomposition Reaction: AB → A + B
A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Example: 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂.
Displacement Reaction: A + BC → AC + B
A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound. Example: Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu.
Double Displacement Reaction: AB + CD → AD + CB
Ions exchange between two compounds to form new compounds. Example: BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl.
Exothermic Reaction
Reactions that release energy, usually in the form of heat. Example: C + O₂ → CO₂ + heat.
Endothermic Reaction
Reactions that absorb energy from the surroundings. Example: 2NH₄Cl + Ba(OH)₂ → BaCl₂ + 2NH₃ + 2H₂O.
Oxidation
Loss of electrons or gain of oxygen. Example: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO.
Reduction
Gain of electrons or loss of oxygen. Example: CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O.
Redox Reaction
A reaction where oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously. Example: Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu.
Equations
Mg + O₂ → MgO
Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. This is a combination reaction.
2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂
Water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen gases when electricity is passed through it. This is an electrolysis reaction.
Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu
Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution, showcasing a displacement reaction.
Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl
Sodium sulphate reacts with barium chloride to form barium sulphate (a precipitate) and sodium chloride, illustrating a double displacement reaction.
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy
Glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy, representing respiration as an exothermic reaction.
2AgCl → 2Ag + Cl₂
Silver chloride decomposes into silver and chlorine gas in the presence of sunlight, a photochemical decomposition reaction.
Pb(NO₃)₂ → PbO + 2NO₂ + O₂
Lead nitrate decomposes on heating to form lead oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen, a thermal decomposition reaction.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen gas, a single displacement reaction.
CuO + H₂ → Cu + H₂O
Copper oxide is reduced to copper by hydrogen, which is oxidized to water, a redox reaction.
2KBr + BaI₂ → 2KI + BaBr₂
Potassium bromide reacts with barium iodide to form potassium iodide and barium bromide, a double displacement reaction.
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