Formula Sheet: Particulate Nature of Matter

E represents energy (in joules), m is mass (in kg), and c is the speed of light (≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s). This formula shows how mass can be converted into energy, a foundational idea in Einstein’s theory of relativity.

ρ (rho) is density (kg/m³), m is mass (kg), and V is volume (m³). This formula defines how much mass is contained in a given volume, useful for identifying materials based on density.

This is the Ideal Gas Law where P is pressure (Pa), V is volume (m³), n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant (8.31 J/(mol·K)), and T is temperature (K). It describes the behavior of ideal gases.

Q is heat energy (J), m is mass (kg), c is specific heat capacity (J/(kg·K)), and ΔT is the change in temperature (K). This formula calculates how much heat energy is needed to raise the temperature of a substance.

This represents the change in temperature with T_final being the final temperature and T_initial the initial temperature (both in Celsius or Kelvin). Useful for thermal energy calculations.

Q is the latent heat (J), m is mass (kg), and L is the latent heat of fusion/vaporization (J/kg). This relation calculates the energy required for phase changes without changing temperature.

This expresses Boyle's Law, where P is pressure and V is volume. It indicates that pressure and volume are inversely related for a given amount of gas at constant temperature.

This shows Gay-Lussac's Law where pressure (P) is directly proportional to temperature (T) for a fixed volume of gas. Useful for understanding gas behavior under temperature changes.

This is a formula for Graham's Law of Effusion, where v is the rate of effusion of gas and T is the temperature in Kelvin. It shows how the rate of effusion is related to temperature.

This rearrangement of the Ideal Gas Law expresses volume (V) in terms of number of moles (n), gas constant (R), and temperature (T) over pressure (P). Useful for gas-related calculations.

T_melting is the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. Each substance has a specific melting point, indicating the integrity of the solid state.

T_boiling is the temperature at which a liquid turns into vapor. Each substance has a specific boiling point, which identifies its state transition from liquid to gas.

F represents the force of attraction, and d is the distance between particles. This equation shows that the attraction decreases as particles are farther apart.

v is velocity (m/s), d is distance (m), and t is time (s). This equation is fundamental for understanding particle motion in any state of matter.

KE is kinetic energy (J), m is mass (kg), and v is velocity (m/s). It represents the energy of moving particles, crucial for understanding particle dynamics.

P is pressure (Pa), F is force (N), and A is area (m²). This foundational pressure equation relates force distributed over an area.

This expresses the direct relationship between volume (V) and temperature (T) for a gas at constant pressure. It illustrates how gas expands when heated.

In thermodynamics, E is energy, Q is heat added to the system, and W is work done by the system. This equation illustrates energy conservation in processes.

This conversion shows the relationship between grams per cubic centimeter and kilograms per cubic meter, important in identifying substance properties.

R is the universal gas constant used in equations involving gases, crucial for calculations in thermodynamics and gas laws.