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Revision Guide
वाच्यम् अध्यायः क्रियायाः कर्तृ-कर्म-भावान् प्रकटयति, यत्र कर्तृवाच्यं, कर्मवाच्यं, भाववाच्यं च विवेच्यते।
वाच्यम् - Quick Look Revision Guide
Your 1-page summary of the most exam-relevant takeaways from Abhyaswaan Bhav - II.
This compact guide covers 20 must-know concepts from वाच्यम् aligned with Class X preparation for Sanskrit. Ideal for last-minute revision or daily review.
Key Points
वाच्यम् defines the focus of a sentence: कर्तृ, कर्म, or भाव.
वाच्यम् indicates whether the sentence emphasizes the doer (कर्तृ), the action (कर्म), or the state (भाव). For example, 'बालकः पठति' focuses on the doer (कर्तृवाच्य).
कर्तृवाच्य emphasizes the doer with कर्ता in प्रथमा विभक्ति.
In कर्तृवाच्य, the doer is in nominative case (प्रथमा विभक्ति) and the verb agrees with it. Example: 'बालकः पठति' (The boy reads).
कर्मवाच्य emphasizes the action with कर्म in प्रथमा विभक्ति.
In कर्मवाच्य, the object becomes the focus, taking nominative case, and the verb is passive. Example: 'पुस्तकं पठ्यते' (The book is read).
भाववाच्य is used for intransitive verbs, focusing on the state.
भाववाच्य is used when the verb is intransitive (अकर्मक), focusing on the state or action without a direct object. Example: 'गम्यते' (Going happens).
कर्तृवाच्य to कर्मवाच्य conversion: कर्ता becomes तृतीया विभक्ति.
To convert कर्तृवाच्य to कर्मवाच्य, the doer changes to instrumental case (तृतीया विभक्ति), and the verb becomes passive. Example: 'बालकेन पुस्तकं पठ्यते'.
कर्मवाच्य to कर्तृवाच्य: कर्म becomes द्वितीया विभक्ति.
To revert कर्मवाच्य to कर्तृवाच्य, the object takes accusative case (द्वितीया विभक्ति), and the verb becomes active. Example: 'बालकः पुस्तकं पठति'.
भाववाच्य verbs are always in प्रथम पुरुष एकवचन.
In भाववाच्य, the verb is invariably in third person singular form, regardless of the doer's number or gender. Example: 'गम्यते' (for any doer).
अकर्मक धातुs (intransitive verbs) only use कर्तृवाच्य or भाववाच्य.
Verbs like 'हस्' (to laugh) are अकर्मक and don't have a कर्मवाच्य form. They're either कर्तृवाच्य ('बालकः हसति') or भाववाच्य ('हस्यते').
सकर्मक धातुs (transitive verbs) can be in all three वाच्यs.
Verbs like 'पठ्' (to read) are सकर्मक and can be in कर्तृवाच्य ('बालकः पठति'), कर्मवाच्य ('पुस्तकं पठ्यते'), or भाववाच्य if context allows.
Passive voice in Sanskrit is always कर्मवाच्य.
Unlike English, Sanskrit's passive voice strictly corresponds to कर्मवाच्य, where the object is in nominative and the verb is passive. Example: 'फलं खाद्यते' (The fruit is eaten).
प्रेरणार्थक verbs can also be in कर्मवाच्य.
Causative verbs (प्रेरणार्थक) can be in कर्मवाच्य, showing the caused action. Example: 'अध्यापकेन छात्रः पाठयते' (The student is made to study by the teacher).
Remember: कर्मवाच्य verbs end with 'यते', 'यन्ते' etc.
कर्मवाच्य verbs typically have passive endings like 'यते' (singular) or 'यन्ते' (plural). Example: 'पठ्यते' (is read), 'पठ्यन्ते' (are read).
भाववाच्य is rare and mostly for abstract actions.
भाववाच्य is less common and used for abstract or general actions without specifying a doer. Example: 'श्रूयते' (It is heard).
कर्तृवाच्य is the default and most common वाच्य.
Most sentences are in कर्तृवाच्य, focusing on the doer with active verbs. Example: 'सः गच्छति' (He goes).
वाच्य changes do not alter the sentence's core meaning.
Changing वाच्य rearranges emphasis but keeps the essential meaning. 'बालकः पठति' and 'बालकेन पुस्तकं पठ्यते' both convey reading.
Use कर्मवाच्य to emphasize the action or object.
कर्मवाच्य is useful when the action or object is more important than the doer. Example: 'विद्यालये पाठः पठ्यते' (The lesson is read in school).
भाववाच्य often omits the doer entirely.
In भाववाच्य, the doer is usually irrelevant or unknown, so it's omitted. Example: 'उद्याने हस्यते' (Laughing happens in the garden).
कर्तृवाच्य to भाववाच्य: verb changes to प्रथम पुरुष एकवचन.
Converting कर्तृवाच्य to भाववाच्य involves changing the verb to third person singular, regardless of the original doer. Example: 'बालकाः हसन्ति' → 'हस्यते'.
कर्मवाच्य is essential for formal or impersonal expressions.
कर्मवाच्य is preferred in formal, academic, or impersonal contexts where the doer is less relevant. Example: 'नियमाः पाल्यन्ते' (Rules are followed).
Practice with common verbs: पठ्, लिख्, गम्, खाद्, etc.
Master वाच्य by practicing with frequent verbs. Convert between कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, and भाववाच्य for verbs like read (पठ्), write (लिख्), go (गम्), eat (खाद्).
सन्धिः अध्यायः संस्कृतभाषायां वर्णानां मेलनं तथा परिवर्तनं विवृणोति, येन शब्दानां उच्चारणं लेखनं च सुकरं भवति।
समासा: एक संक्षिप्तीकरण की कला, जहाँ दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों को मिलाकर एक नया और संक्षिप्त शब्द बनाया जाता है।
प्रत्यया: अध्याय में संस्कृत भाषा में प्रत्ययों के प्रयोग और उनके अर्थ को समझाया गया है।
अव्ययानि अविकारी शब्द होते हैं जो वाक्य में क्रिया, संज्ञा, सर्वनाम आदि के साथ प्रयुक्त होते हैं और उनका रूप नहीं बदलता।
समय: अध्याय में समय की अवधारणा, उसके मापन और दैनिक जीवन में इसके उपयोग के बारे में सीखें।
