Resources and Development

Solution

Resources are everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable. They are classified as: (a) On the basis of origin - biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living), (b) On the basis of exhaustibility - renewable (can be replenished) and non-renewable (limited stock), (c) On the basis of ownership - individual, community, national, and international, (d) On the basis of status of development - potential (not yet utilized), developed (surveyed and quality determined), stock (potential but lack of technology), and reserves (subset of stock). Examples include forests (biotic and renewable), minerals (abiotic and non-renewable).

Solution

Sustainable development means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is important because it ensures long-term ecological balance, prevents resource depletion, and promotes equitable resource distribution. The Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 emphasized sustainable development through Agenda 21, aiming for global cooperation in environmental protection, poverty alleviation, and health improvement. Examples include using solar energy instead of fossil fuels to reduce pollution and conserve resources for the future.

Solution

Resource planning in India involves three stages: (i) Identification and inventory of resources across regions through surveying and mapping, (ii) Developing a planning structure with appropriate technology and institutional setup, (iii) Matching resource development plans with national development plans. It is crucial due to India's diverse resource availability, ensuring balanced regional development and preventing resource depletion. For example, states like Jharkhand are rich in minerals but lack infrastructure, while Rajasthan has solar energy but scarce water resources, necessitating careful planning.

Solution

Indiscriminate use of resources leads to: (i) Depletion of resources for few individuals' greed, (ii) Accumulation of resources in few hands, creating societal divisions (haves and have-nots), (iii) Global ecological crises like global warming, ozone layer depletion, pollution, and land degradation. For example, overuse of fossil fuels causes air pollution and climate change, while deforestation leads to loss of biodiversity and soil erosion. These problems threaten sustainable existence and global peace.

Solution

India's land use pattern includes forests, land not available for cultivation (barren, buildings), other uncultivated land (pastures, fallow), and net sown area. Variations occur due to physical factors (topography, climate, soil) and human factors (population density, technology, culture). For instance, Punjab has over 80% net sown area due to fertile plains, while Arunachal Pradesh has less than 10% due to hilly terrain. The desired 33% forest cover is unmet, affecting ecological balance and livelihoods dependent on forests.

Solution

Land degradation is caused by deforestation, overgrazing, mining, over-irrigation (waterlogging, salinity), and industrial waste. Measures include afforestation, controlled grazing, shelter belts, terrace farming, contour ploughing, and proper waste management. For example, in Rajasthan, growing thorny bushes stabilizes sand dunes, while in Punjab, avoiding over-irrigation prevents soil salinity. These practices ensure sustainable land use and productivity.

Solution

Alluvial soils are fertile, found in northern plains and river deltas, formed by deposits from rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra. They vary in texture (sandy to clayey) and age (old bangar with kanker nodules, new khadar more fertile). Rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime, they support crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane. Examples include the Indo-Gangetic plains and delta regions of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers.

Solution

Black soil, or regur, is black, clayey, and ideal for cotton. It retains moisture, develops cracks in heat, and is rich in calcium, magnesium, and lime but poor in phosphorous. Found in Deccan trap regions (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat), it forms from lava flows. Its high fertility supports crops like cotton, hence called black cotton soil. Proper tilling post-rain ensures good aeration and productivity.

Solution

Soil erosion is the denudation and washing away of soil due to natural forces (wind, water) and human activities (deforestation, faulty farming). Types include: (i) Gully erosion - water cuts deep channels (ravines in Chambal), (ii) Sheet erosion - topsoil washed uniformly, (iii) Wind erosion - loose soil blown away. For example, up-down slope ploughing accelerates water flow, causing erosion, while contour ploughing prevents it.

Solution

In hilly areas, terrace farming, contour ploughing, and afforestation prevent erosion. For example, Himalayas use terrace farming to slow water flow. In arid regions, shelter belts (rows of trees) and thorny bushes stabilize sand dunes (e.g., Rajasthan). Strip cropping (alternate grass and crops) reduces wind impact. These methods maintain soil fertility and prevent degradation, ensuring sustainable agriculture.

Solution

The interdependent relationship between nature, technology, and institutions is crucial for resource development. Nature provides the raw materials, technology enables their transformation into usable resources, and institutions create the framework for their sustainable use. For example, forests (nature) provide timber, which is harvested using machinery (technology), and government policies (institutions) regulate the process to prevent deforestation.

Solution

Renewable resources, like solar energy and wind power, can be replenished naturally over time, whereas non-renewable resources, such as coal and petroleum, take millions of years to form and cannot be replenished in a human lifetime. Both are vital for human survival but require different management strategies to ensure sustainability.

Solution

Indiscriminate use of resources leads to depletion of resources, accumulation in few hands, and global ecological crises like global warming and ozone layer depletion. It divides society into haves and have-nots, exacerbating inequality and threatening global peace and sustainable development.

Solution

Sustainable development means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992, was pivotal in promoting this concept globally, leading to agreements like Agenda 21, which aims for sustainable development through global cooperation.

Solution

Resource planning in India involves identifying and inventorying resources, developing a planning structure with appropriate technology and institutions, and aligning resource development with national development plans. It's significant for balanced regional development, especially in a country with diverse resource availability like India.

Solution

Soils in India are classified into alluvial, black, red and yellow, laterite, arid, and forest soils, based on factors like origin, color, and texture. They are distributed across various regions, with alluvial soils in the northern plains, black soils in the Deccan plateau, and laterite soils in high rainfall areas.

Solution

Land degradation in India is caused by deforestation, overgrazing, mining, and over-irrigation, leading to reduced soil fertility and ecological imbalance. Measures to combat it include afforestation, proper grazing management, and sustainable agricultural practices.

Solution

The land use pattern shows marginal changes in net sown area and forest cover due to urbanization and agricultural expansion. The forest cover hasn't increased much due to population pressure and lack of effective implementation of afforestation policies.

Solution

Soil erosion occurs due to water, wind, and human activities like deforestation. Prevention methods include contour ploughing, terrace farming, strip cropping, and planting shelter belts to reduce erosion.

Solution

Technology and economic development lead to higher resource consumption by enabling more efficient extraction and use of resources. However, they also offer solutions for sustainable use through innovations like renewable energy technologies.

Solution

This statement is a misconception because resources are not free gifts but are created through human intervention and technology. Sustainable development emphasizes the need for responsible use of resources to ensure their availability for future generations, highlighting the role of human activities in resource creation and conservation.

Solution

Indiscriminate use of resources leads to depletion of resources, accumulation in few hands, and global ecological crises like global warming and ozone layer depletion. This calls for equitable distribution and sustainable management of resources to mitigate these effects.

Solution

The Rio Summit was pivotal in addressing global environmental and socio-economic issues, leading to the adoption of Agenda 21. It emphasized global cooperation for sustainable development, marking a shift towards integrating environmental protection with development goals.

Solution

India faces challenges in resource planning due to its diverse geography and unequal resource distribution. Regions rich in certain resources lack others, necessitating balanced planning to address disparities and ensure sustainable development across all regions.

Solution

Technology and institutions play a crucial role in transforming natural elements into resources. However, without equitable access and sustainable practices, technological advancement can lead to resource depletion and environmental degradation.

Solution

Land use in India is influenced by physical factors like topography, climate, and soil types, as well as human factors. This relationship determines the agricultural productivity and ecological balance of different regions.

Solution

Afforestation and controlled grazing are effective in preventing land degradation by stabilizing soil, enhancing water retention, and restoring ecological balance. However, their success depends on community participation and sustainable practices.

Solution

Alluvial soils, formed by river deposits, are fertile and ideal for crops like wheat and rice. Black soils, derived from lava flows, are rich in minerals and suitable for cotton. Both have distinct formation processes and agricultural advantages.

Solution

Soil erosion in India is caused by deforestation, overgrazing, and faulty agricultural practices, leading to loss of fertile land and biodiversity. Conservation measures include contour ploughing, terrace farming, and afforestation.

Solution

A sustainable plan would involve community-based resource management, promotion of renewable energy, waste recycling, and education on sustainable practices, aligning local actions with global environmental objectives like the SDGs.