Worksheet: प्रत्यया:

प्रत्यया: are suffixes added to the end of roots (धातु) or stems (प्रातिपदिक) to form new words or to indicate grammatical relations. They are classified into three main types: कृत् प्रत्यया:, तद्धित प्रत्यया:, and स्त्रीप्रत्यया:. कृत् प्रत्यया: are added to roots to form nouns and adjectives, तद्धित प्रत्यया: are added to nouns to form derivatives, and स्त्रीप्रत्यया: are used to form feminine nouns. For example, adding the कृत् प्रत्यय 'क्त' to the root 'गम्' forms 'गत:', meaning 'gone'. Similarly, adding the तद्धित प्रत्यय 'इक' to 'ग्राम' forms 'ग्रामिक:', meaning 'related to a village'. स्त्रीप्रत्यया: like 'टाप्' are added to masculine nouns to form their feminine counterparts, e.g., 'बालक' becomes 'बालिका'.

The शतृ प्रत्यय is used to form present participles from roots, indicating an action that is currently being performed. It is added to the root in the present tense. For example, the root 'गम्' (to go) with शतृ becomes 'गच्छन्' (going), 'पठ्' (to read) becomes 'पठन्' (reading). These participles can be declined like adjectives to match the gender, number, and case of the noun they describe. For instance, 'गच्छन् बालक:' (the boy who is going), 'पठन्ती बालिका' (the girl who is reading). The शतृ प्रत्यय is essential for constructing sentences that describe ongoing actions.

The शानच् प्रत्यय is used to form present participles for आत्मनेपद roots, indicating an action being performed by the subject for themselves. It is added to the root in the present tense. For example, the root 'सेव्' (to serve) with शानच् becomes 'सेवमान:' (serving), 'मुद्' (to rejoice) becomes 'मोदमान:' (rejoicing). These participles agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they describe. For instance, 'सेवमान: बालक:' (the boy who is serving himself), 'मोदमाना बालिका' (the girl who is rejoicing). The शानच् प्रत्यय is crucial for expressing reflexive or self-directed actions.

The तव्यत् प्रत्यय is used to form gerunds or future passive participles, indicating an action that should or must be done. It is added to the root and often conveys obligation or necessity. For example, the root 'कृ' (to do) with तव्यत् becomes 'कर्तव्य:' (to be done), 'पठ्' (to read) becomes 'पठितव्य:' (to be read). These forms are used in sentences like 'कर्तव्यं धर्मं संरक्षेत्' (One should protect duty) and 'पठितव्य: ग्रन्थ:' (The book should be read). The तव्यत् प्रत्यय is essential for expressing duties, obligations, or necessary actions.

The अनीयर् प्रत्यय is used to form adjectives indicating worthiness or necessity, often translating to 'worthy of' or 'should be'. It is added to the root or noun. For example, the root 'पूज्' (to worship) with अनीयर् becomes 'पूजनीय:' (worthy of worship), 'रक्ष्' (to protect) becomes 'रक्षणीय:' (should be protected). These forms are used in sentences like 'गुरव: पूजनीया:' (Teachers are worthy of worship) and 'धर्म: रक्षणीय:' (Duty should be protected). The अनीयर् प्रत्यय is crucial for expressing values, duties, or qualities that are deserving of attention or action.

The मतुप् and वतुप् प्रत्यय are used to form possessive adjectives, indicating possession or association. मतुप् is added to nouns ending in consonants, and वतुप् to those ending in vowels. For example, 'बुद्धि' (intelligence) with मतुप् becomes 'बुद्धिमान्' (intelligent), 'धन' (wealth) with वतुप् becomes 'धनवान्' (wealthy). These forms are used in sentences like 'बुद्धिमान् जन:' (an intelligent person) and 'धनवान् पुरुष:' (a wealthy man). The मतुप् and वतुप् प्रत्यय are essential for describing qualities or possessions associated with nouns.

The इन् प्रत्यय is used to form adjectives indicating possession or association, similar to मतुप् and वतुप्. It is added to nouns to denote someone who possesses the quality or object. For example, 'बल' (strength) with इन् becomes 'बलिन्' (strong), 'गुण' (virtue) becomes 'गुणिन्' (virtuous). These forms are used in sentences like 'बलिन् जन:' (a strong person) and 'गुणिनी नारी' (a virtuous woman). The इन् प्रत्यय is crucial for describing individuals based on their attributes or possessions.

The त्व and तल् प्रत्यय are used to form abstract nouns indicating a state or quality. त्व is added to stems ending in consonants, and तल् to those ending in vowels. For example, 'गुरु' (heavy) with त्व becomes 'गुरुत्व' (gravity), 'महत्' (great) with तल् becomes 'महत्ता' (greatness). These forms are used in sentences like 'गुरुत्वं भारस्य' (the gravity of weight) and 'महत्ता गुणस्य' (the greatness of virtue). The त्व and तल् प्रत्यय are essential for expressing abstract concepts or qualities.

The ठक् प्रत्यय is used to form adjectives indicating relation or pertaining to, often translating to 'related to' or 'belonging to'. It is added to nouns. For example, 'ग्राम' (village) with ठक् becomes 'ग्रामिक:' (related to a village), 'देश' (country) becomes 'देशिक:' (related to a country). These forms are used in sentences like 'ग्रामिक: जन:' (a villager) and 'देशिका भाषा' (the national language). The ठक् प्रत्यय is crucial for describing relationships or affiliations.

स्त्रीप्रत्यया: are suffixes used to form feminine nouns from masculine or neuter stems. Common स्त्रीप्रत्यया: include टाप्, ङीप्, and ङीष्. For example, 'बालक' (boy) with टाप् becomes 'बालिका' (girl), 'गुरु' (teacher) with ङीप् becomes 'गुर्वी' (female teacher). These forms are used in sentences like 'बालिका पठति' (the girl reads) and 'गुर्वी अध्यापिका' (the female teacher). स्त्रीप्रत्यया: are essential for gender agreement in Sanskrit grammar, ensuring nouns and adjectives match in gender.

प्रत्यया: are suffixes added to the end of words (शब्द, धातु) to change their meaning or grammatical function. For example, adding 'क्त' to 'गम्' (to go) forms 'गतः' (gone), indicating past action.

Both 'क्त' and 'क्तवतु' are used to form past participles. 'क्त' is used for intransitive verbs (e.g., 'गतः' from 'गम्'), while 'क्तवतु' is used for transitive verbs (e.g., 'कृतवान्' from 'कृ').

'शतृ' is used for present active participles (e.g., 'गच्छत्' from 'गम्'), indicating ongoing action. 'शानच्' is used for present middle participles (e.g., 'लभमानः' from 'लभ्'), indicating action performed by the subject for itself.

'तव्यत्' प्रत्यय is used to form gerundives, indicating necessity or obligation. For example, 'कर्तव्यम्' from 'कृ' means 'to be done'.

'मतुप्' is added to nouns to indicate possession (e.g., 'गुणवान्' from 'गुण'), while 'वतुप्' is added to adjectives to form abstract nouns (e.g., 'गुरुत्वम्' from 'गुरु').

'इन्' प्रत्यय is used to form adjectives indicating possession or association (e.g., 'बलिन्' from 'बल', meaning 'possessing strength').

'ङीष्' प्रत्यय is used to form feminine nouns from masculine ones (e.g., 'नदी' from 'नद्', meaning 'river').

'क्त' forms past participles indicating completed action (e.g., 'गतः'), while 'ल्यप्' forms indeclinable absolutes indicating simultaneous action (e.g., 'गत्वा' meaning 'having gone').

'अनीयर्' प्रत्यय is used to form adjectives indicating worthiness or necessity (e.g., 'पठनीयः' from 'पठ्', meaning 'worthy of being read').

'तृच्' forms agent nouns indicating the doer of an action (e.g., 'कर्तृ' from 'कृ', meaning 'doer'), while 'ण्वुल्' forms nouns indicating habitual action or profession (e.g., 'गायकः' from 'गै', meaning 'singer').

प्रत्यया: are suffixes added to roots or stems to form new words or to indicate grammatical relations. For example, शतृ-प्रत्यय is used to form present participles like गच्छत् (going).

शतृ-प्रत्यय is used for active voice present participles (e.g., गच्छत्), while शानच्-प्रत्यय is for middle voice present participles (e.g., सेवमानः).

तव्यत्-प्रत्यय forms future passive participles, e.g., कर्तव्य (to be done). Sentence: अनेन कार्यं कर्तव्यम् (This work should be done by him).

अनीयर्-प्रत्यय indicates duty or propriety, e.g., पठनीयम् (should be read). It's used in passive constructions to denote what ought to be done.

मतुप्-प्रत्यय (e.g., गुणवान्) and वतुप्-प्रत्यय (e.g., धनवत्) denote possession. मतुप् is used with consonant-ending stems, and वतुप् with vowel-ending stems.

ङीप्-प्रत्यय forms feminines like नदी (from नद्), and टाप्-प्रत्यय forms like छात्रा (from छात्र). These प्रत्यया: change the gender of nouns.

इन्-प्रत्यय denotes possession, e.g., गुणिन् (possessing qualities). Sentence: गुणी जनः सर्वत्र पूज्यते (A virtuous person is respected everywhere).

ठक्-प्रत्यय forms adjectives indicating relation, e.g., आध्यात्मिक (spiritual, from अध्यात्म). It shows the nature or origin of the noun it qualifies.

तल्-प्रत्यय forms abstract nouns like जडता (stupidity, from जड), and तरप्-प्रत्यय forms like गुरुतरम् (more heavy, from गुरु). These प्रत्यया: abstract or compare qualities.

प्रत्यया: are crucial for word formation, indicating tense, voice, number, gender, and case. They enable precise expression, e.g., कृत-प्रत्यय for past participles (कृतम् - done). Their systematic use is foundational to Sanskrit grammar.